NEET Biology MCQs Human Reproduction

Milk secreted from the cells of alveoli of mammary lobes reaches to the nipple by Lactiferous duct (L),
Mammary duct (M), mammary Tubule (T) and mammary Ampulla (A) in following order
a) T A M L b) T M A L c) M T A L d) A T M L
The diagram shows some of the changes in blood hormone concentration which occur during the
menstrual cycle. Match A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H of graph with the hormones and events given below

Hormones and Events
I. Oestrogen
II. Ovulation
III. Repair of endometrium
IV. Luteinizing hormone
V. Menstruation
VI. Luteal phase
VII. Progesterone
VIII. Ovarian phase
a) I-H, II-G, III-F, IV-E, V-D, VL-C, VII-B, VIII-A b) I-D, II-E, III-F, IV-G, V-H, VI-A, VII-C, VIII-C
c) I-D, II-G, III-F, IV-C, V-H, VI-B, VII-E, VIII-A d) I-A, II-C, III-E, IV-G, V-H, VI-F, VII-D, VIII-B

In frog, gastrulation process involves
a) Epiboly b) Emboly c) Invagination d) All of theses
Name the most important hormone which causes the uterine contraction strongly
a) Oxytocin b) Inhibin c) Protection d) Progesterone
Correct sequence of hormone from beginning of menstrual cycle to the end is
a) FSH, progesterone, LH b) Oestrogen, FSH and progesterone
c) FSH, oestrogen, progesterone d) Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
a) Rabbit – Microlecithal, isolecithal b) Frog – Mesolecithal, telolecithal
c) Human – Mesolecithal, centrolecithal d) Birds – Macrolecithal, telolecithal
Capacitation takes place in
a) 12 hrs b) 10 hrs c) 8 hrs d) 6 hrs
Grey crescent is the area
a) At the point of entry of sperm into ovum
b) Just opposite to the site of entry of sperm into ovum
c) At the animal pole

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d) At the vegetal pole

Both corpus luteum and macula lutea are
a) Found in human ovaries b) A source of hormones
c) Characterized by a yellow colour d) Contributory in maintaining pregnancy
A cross section at the midpoint of the middle piece of a human sperm will show
a) Centriole, mitochondria and 9+2 arrangement of
microtubules
b) Centriole and mitochondria
c) mitochondria and 9+2 arrangement of
microtubules
d) 9+2 arrangement of microtubules only
Fertilization is
a) Fusion of male and female gametes b) Fission of male and female gametes
c) Formation of gametes d) Formation of embryo
Cleavage is
a) Meiosis of zygote into blastomeres b) Mitosis of zygote into blastomeres
c) Reductional division of zygote d) Reductional division of embryo
How many phases (stages) are there in menstrual cycle?
a) 2 b) 6 c) 4 d) 5
Rapid secretion of LH in ovulation causes
a) Repturing of Graafian follicle b) Releasing of ove
c) Ovulation d) All of the above
The phase of menstrual cycle in humans that lasts for 7-8 days, is
a) Follicular phase b) Ovulatory phase c) Luteal phase d) Menstruation
Correct sequence in development is
a) Fertilization → zygote → cleavage → morula → blastula → gastrula
b) Fertilization → zygotes → blastula → cleavage → gastrula
c) Fertilization → cleavage → morula → zygote → blastula
d) cleavage → zygote → morula → zygote → blastula
Fertilization of ovum takes place in rabbit, man and other placental mammals in
a) Ovary b) Fallopian tube c) Cervix d) Uterus
Placenta acts as an
a) Endocrine gland b) Exocrine gland c) Apocrine gland d) Merocrine gland
Extraembryonic membranes, chorion and amnion are formed by
a) Inner mass cells b) Trophoblast c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
Extraembryonic membranes are also called
a) Foetal membranes b) Embryonic membranes
c) Outer membranes d) Inner membranes
Capacitation of sperm occurs in
a) Female genital tract b) Vas deferens c) Vas efferens d) Vagina
Temporary storage of sperms takes place in
a) Vasa deferentia b) Vasa efferentia c) Epididymis d) Rete testis
The immediate cause of induction of ovulation in female is the large plasma surge of
a) Progesterone b) Oestriadiol c) LH d) FSH
Which hormone level increases in the luteal phase?
a) LH b) Progesterone c) Testosterone d) FSH
Process of maturation and development of sperm is called
a) Oogenesis b) Spermatogenesis c) Spermiogenesis d) None of these
The collective term used for acrosomal chemicals is
a) Sperm living b) Sperm lysins c) Pectinase d) Cellulase
Which of the following structures are derivatives of the endoderm?
a) Alimentary canal and respiratory structure b) Muscles and blood

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c) Excretory and reproductive structure d) Skin and nerve cord

Graafian follicle contains
a) Oogaonial cells b) Corpus luteum
c) Theca externa and theca interna d) Corpus albicans
If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, which one of the following is unlikely?
a) Corpus luteum will disintegrate b) Oestrogen secretion further decreases
c) Primary follicle starts developing d) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines
Identify 𝐴,𝐵 and 𝐶 in the following figure a) A-Secondary spermatocytes, B-Primary
spermatocytes, C-Spermatids
b) A-Spermatids, B-Primary spermatocytes, C
Spermatocytes
c) A-Spermatids, B-Secondary spermatocytes, C
Primary spermatocytes
d) A-Primary spermatocytes, B-Secondary
spermatocytes, C-Spermatids
Which is regarded as urinary bladder of embryo?
a) Amnion b) Allantois c) Chorion d) Yolk sac
Each ovary is bout 2-4 cm in length connected to the …A… wall by …B… Each ovary is covered by a thin
epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma. Stroma is divided into two zones …C… and …D…
Fill the suitable choices for A to D
a) A-inner medulla, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D-pelvic wall
b) A- pelvic, B- ligament, C- peripheral cortex, D- inner medulla
c) A- pelvic, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D- inner medulla
d) A-inner medulla, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D-pelvic wall
The female structures that corresponds (homologous) to the scrotum of the male are
a) Labia Minora b) Labia majora c) Clitoris d) Urethral folds
Which part of ovary in mammals acts as an endocrine gland after ovulation
a) Graafian follicle b) Stroma c) Germinal epithelium d) Vitelline membrane
According to which theory, ageing is due to accumulation of harmful protein?
a) Error catastrophe b) Free radicle c) Cross linking d) Somatic mutation
Vasa efferentia are the ductules leading from
a) Testicular lobules to rete testis b) rete testes to vas deferens
c) Vas deferens to epididymis d) Epididymis to urethra
Hormone injected by doctors to induce delivery is
a) Inhibin b) Oxytocin c) Oestrogen d) Prolactin
Which one of the following is the most likely reason of not occurring regular menstruation cycle in
females?
a) Fertilization of the ovum b) Maintenance of the hypertrophical endometrial
lining
c) Maintenance of high concentration of sex
hormones in the blood stream
d) Retention of well-developed cropus luteum
Corpus luteum release
a) Oestrogen b) Progesterone c) Both (a) and (b) d) Androgen
In the human female, menstruation can be deferred by the administration of

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a) LH only b) Combination of FSH and LH
c) Combination of oestrogen and progesterone d) FSH only

Which of the following embryonic-membrane structure is excretory in function?
a) Amnion b) Allantois c) Yolk sac d) Vitelline chorion
I. Sperm cells the immediately when they are released from the body and are placed in a petri plate.
II. Semen contains chemicals that causes females smooth muscles to contract
a) Statement I is true, but II is false b) Both statements I and II are false
c) Statement I is false, but II is true d) Both statements are true
The diagram shows the changes that take place in the endometrium during a normal menstruation a) A-ovulation; B-menstruation b) A-ovulation; C-menstruation
c) C-ovulation; A-menstruation d) B-ovulation; D-menstruation
Sertoli’s cells are found in
a) Ovaries and secrete progesterone b) Adrenal cortex and secrete adrenaline
c) Seminiferous tubules and provide nutrition to
germ cells
d) Pancreas and secrete cholecystokinin
Ovum receives the sperm in the region of
a) Animal pole b) Vegetal pole c) Equator d) Pigmented area
hCS (Human Chorionic Somatomammotrophin) previously called
a) Human placental lactogen (hPL) b) Chorionic thyrotrophin
c) Chorionic corticotropin d) Relaxin
Women who consumed the drug thalidomide for relief from vomiting during early months of pregnancy
gave birth to children with
a) No spleen b) Hare-lip
c) Extra fingers and toes d) Under developed limbs
Which of the following is not correct for gasrtulation?
a) Archenteron is formed b) All germinal layers are formed
c) Morphogenetic movements d) Some blastomeres and blastocoel degenerate
Release of semen by penis into vagina during copulation (coitus) is called
a) Insemination b) Fertilisaton c) Zygote d) Gametogenesis
Temperature of human testis is
a) 2-2.5 below body temperature b) 38°C
c) 33°C d) 2.25 above body temperature
Follicular phase is also called
a) Secretory phase b) Luteal phase c) Proliferative phase d) Menstrual phase
Name 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 chormones in the given figure

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a) A-Prostaglandin, B-Oxytocin, C-Oestrogen
b) A- Oestrogen, B-Oxytocin, C- Prostaglandin
c) A- Oestrogen, B- Prostaglandin, C- Oxytocin
d) A-Prostaglandin, B- Oestrogen, C- Oxytocin

The vasa efferentia leave the testis and opens into the …A…, located along the …B… surface. Here A and B
refers to
a) A-rete testis; B-epididymis b) A-epididymis; B- rete testis
c) A-epididymis; B-posterior d) A-epididymis; B-anterior
Where do sperms get matured?
a) In seminal vesicle b) Seminiferous tubules
c) In epididymis d) Vasa efferentia
Sertoli cells are also called
a) Subtentacular cells b) Sperm cells c) Interstitial cells d) Leyding cells
Given below the diagram refers to the TS of testis showing sectional view of a few seminiferous tubules a) A-Sertoli cells, B-Secondary spermatocyte, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms
b) A-Interstitial cells, B-Spermatogonia, C-Sertoli cells, D-Sperms
c) A-Sertoli cells, B-Spermatozoa, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms
d) A-Sertoli cells, B- Spermatogonia, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms
Lobules contain cluster of cells called …A… which secretes …B… . Alveoli opens into mammary tubules,
which joins to form ….C…
A, B and C here, refers to
a) A-milk, B-alveoli, C-mammary duct b) A- mammary duct, B-alveoli, C- milk
c) A- mammary duct, B- milk, C- alveoli d) A- alveoli, B- milk, C-mammary duct
Female pronucleus is
a) Cytoplasm of ovum
b) Nucleus of ovum
c) Nucleus of quaternary oocyte
d) Both (b) and (c)
Correct statement with reference to a test tube bay is

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a) The fertilized egg is placed in the womb of the mother where the gastrula period is completed
b) Unfertilized egg is placed in the womb and allowed to grow parthenogenetically
c) A prematurely born baby is reared in an incubator
d) Fertilized egg is taken out and grown in a large test tube

Ovum is
a) Secondary oocyte b) Primary oocyte c) Tertiary oocyte d) None of these
Sperm lysins contains
a) Hyaluronidase
b) Corona penetrating enzyme
c) Acrosin
d) All of the above
The seminal plasma along with the sperm is called
a) Spermatid b) Spermatozoa c) Semen d) All of these
The superior portion of the uterus is
a) Body b) Cervix c) Fundus d) Infundibulum
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonado trophin) and hPL (Human Placental Lactogen) are released
a) Before pregnancy
b) During pregnancy
c) At parturition
d) During lactating stage
Process of delivery of the foetus is called
a) Parturition b) Implantation c) Fertilization d) Lactation
At which stage of the cell cycle, secondary oocyte gets arrested before pregnancy?
a) Anaphase-I b) Prophase-II c) Metaphase-III d) Telohase-I
Lactation produces milk
a) Towards the end of pregnancy b) Towards the beginning pregnancy
c) Towards the beginning of puberty d) Through out the life cycle
Which one of the following statements with regard to embryonic development in humans is correct?
a) Cleavage divisions bring about considerable increase in the mass of protoplasm
b) In the second cleavage division, one of the two blastomeres usually divides a little sooner than the
second
c) With more cleavage divisions, the resultant blastomeres become larger and larger
d) Cleavage division results in a hollow ball of cells called morula
Which of the following hormones is not a secretory product of human placenta?
a) Human chorionic gonadotropin b) Prolactin
c) Oestrogen d) Progesterone
Hyaluroniadase acts on ground tissue of …A… cells. Corona penetrating enzyme dissolves the …B… and
zonalysin dissolve the ….C… . Here A, B and C refers to
a) A-follicle, B-corona radiata, C-zona pellucida
b) A- zona pellucida, B-corona radiata, C- follicle
c) A-follicle, B- zona pellucida, C-zona radiata
d) A- corona radiata, B- zona pellucida, C- follicle
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone which negatively feeds back and inhibits the release of
a) ABP and ICSH b) LH and ICSH c) LH and FSH d) FSH and TSH
Find out spermatid and Sertoli cell in given diagram

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a) D to E b) E to F c) A to C d) B to E

During embryonic development, endoskeleton and muscle develop from which germinal layer?
a) Ectoderm b) Endoderm c) Mesoderm d) Blastopore
Eggs which have yolk in the centre surrounded by cytoplasm are called
a) Centrolecithal b) Homolecithal c) Microlecithal d) Alecithal
Whether a child died after normal birth or died before birth can be confirmed by measuring
a) Tidal volume of air b) Residual volume of air
c) The weight of the child d) The dead space air
The movement of spermatozoa, from the epididymal duct and seminal fluid into the ejaculatory duct to
urethra is under the control of
a) Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve
b) Parasympathetic nerve only
c) Sometimes sympathetic and sometimes parasympathetic nerves
d) Sympathetic nerve only
Sertoli’s cell are regulated by the pituitary hormone known as
a) FSH b) GH c) Prolactin d) LH
Inflammation of the seminiferous tubules could interfere with the ability to
a) Make semen alkaline b) Secrete testosterone
c) Produce spermatozoa d) Eliminate urine from the bladder
The gestation period of elephant is about
a) 11 months b) 15 months c) 22 months d) 32 months
Which one of the following systems is not mesodermal in origin?
a) Circulatory system b) Muscular system c) Nervous system d) None of the above
In the diagram of section of Graafian follicle, different parts are indicated by alphabets; choose the answer
in which these alphabets have been correctly matched with the parts they indicate. a) A –Theca externa, B-Theca interna, C-Ovum
D-Cumulus oophorus, E-Antrum, F-Membrana granulosa
b) A – Membrana granulosa, B- Theca externa, C- Ovum
D-Cumulus oophorus, E-Antrum,
F-Theca interna,
c) A – Membrana granulosa, B-Theca interna,
C-Ovum,D-Cumulus oophorus,
E-Antrum,

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F-Theca externa
d) A –Theca externa, B-Theca interna, C-Ovum
D-Membrana granulosa, E-Antrum,
F-Cumulus oophorus,

Which part of a sperm enters into an ovum during fertilization?
a) Head b) Tail c) Whole of it d) Middle piece
Graafian follicle after releasing ovum is called
a) Corpus luteum b) Polar body c) Nuclear body d) Ootid
External genitalia of male are called
a) Testis b) Penis c) Scrotum d) All of these
Enzyme present in sperm acrosome to dissolve egg membrane is
a) Sperm lysine b) Ovolysin c) Spermatogenolysin d) Spermatocynin
The second maturation division of the mammalian ovum occurs
a) Shortly after ovulation before the ovum makes entry into the fallopian tube
b) Until after the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm
c) Until the nucleus of the sperm has fused with that of the ovum
d) In the Graafian follicle following the first maturation division
Luteal phase is also called
a) Secretory phase b) Bleeding phase
c) Menses phase d) Ovulatory phase
Spermatogenesis is influenced by
a) Progesterone b) FSH c) STH d) LTH
How many mature, functional follicles are produced by a female in a lifetime?
a) About 1 million b) 400 c) 4000 d) 350000
Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) and inhibin are secreted by
a) Interstitial cells b) Leydig cells
c) Sertoli cells d) Germinal epithelium
Neubenkern is a part to
a) Human ovum b) Foetus c) Human sperm d) Graafian follicle
Enlarged end of penis (called the glans penis) is covered by the skin called
a) Foreskin b) Prepuce c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
Interstitial cells secrets
a) Androgens b) Oestrogen c) FSH d) Inhibin
Most mammals have their testis sac called scrotal sac which is for
a) Protection b) Ova formation
c) Sperm formation d) Temperature regulation
The main function of trophoectoderm in mammalian embryo is
a) Protection of the developing cells b) Drawing food for the developing cell
c) Formation of future ectoderm d) Formation of placenta
The correct sequence of male reproductive structures of rabbit through which sperms pass out is
I. Rete testes
II. Vasa efferentia
III. Epididymis
IV. Vasa deferentia
a) I, II, III, IV b) II, III, IV, I c) II, III, I, IV d) I, III, II, IV
Label the following diagram which illustrates the fertilization followed by cleavage and the early stages of
embryonic development. Identify 𝐵,𝐸,𝐹,𝐺 and 𝐻

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a) B-Ovary, E-Morula, F-Blastocyst, G-Cervix, H-Vagina
b) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F- Morula, G-Cervix, H-Vagina
c) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F- Morula, G- Vagina, H- Cervix
d) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F-Gastrula, G- Vagina, H- Cervix

Binary fission is a mode of
a) Micropropagation b) Vegetative propagation
c) Macropropagation d) Sexual reproduction
Read the graph and correlate the uterine events that takes place according to the hormonal levels on A. 6
15 days B. 16-25 days C. 26-28 days (if the ovum is not fertilized) a) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B-Myometrium thickens, becomes vascularized ready to receive and
implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
b) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B-Endometrium thickens, becomes vascularized, ready to receive and
implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
c) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B- Endometrium thicknes, becomes vascularized, ready to receive and
implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
d) A-Regeneration of endometrium, B- Endometrium thickens, becomes vascularized ready to receive and
implant embryo, C-Degeneration of endometrium
In human beings
a) Chorion and amnion are well developed b) Allantois and yolk sac are less developed
c) Yolk cell have very little yolk d) All of the above
The part of fallopian tube closest to the ovary is
a) Isthmus b) Infundibulum c) Cervix d) Ampulla
Human male ejaculates …A… to …B… million sperm. Atleast …C… should have normal shape and size and
…D… should show vigorous motility. Here A, B, C and D refers to
a) A-100, B-200, C-30%, D-40% b) A-200, B-300, C-60%, D-40%
c) A-300, B-400, C-60%, D-40% d) A-400, B-500, C-60%, D-40%
Acrosome secretes
a) Hyaluronic acid b) Hyaluronidase c) TSH d) Fertilizin
Find out the spermatogonium and spermatozoa in above figure
a) A and F b) C and D c) F and A d) D and E
Second meiotic division in ovum leads to the formation of
a) Haploid ovum b) Second polar body c) Tertiary polar body d) Both (a) and (b)
In implantation the blastocyst attached to the …… wall of uterus
a) Endometrium b) Myometrium c) Perimetrium d) Mesoderm

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Which of the following groups of cell in the male gonad, represent haploid cells?
a) Spermatogonial cells b) Germinal epithelial cells
c) Secondary spermatocytes d) Primary spermatocytes
Parturition is
a) Child birth
b) Expulsion of the baby from uterus
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
Several mammary ducts joins to form a wider mammary ampulla, which is connected to
a) Lactiferous duct b) Seminiferous duct c) Seminiferous tubules d) Lactiferous canal
External opening of penis is called
a) Ureter b) Urinary bladder c) Urethral meatus d) Prepuce
Insemination is
a) A sperm injection to increase male fertility b) A cure of male infertility
c) Inability of male to produce sperms d) The transfer of sperms by male in to the genital
tract of female
Sertoli’s cells are found
a) Between these seminiferous tubules b) In the germinal epithelium of ovary
c) In the upper part of the fallopian tube d) In the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous
tubules
The maximum growth rate occurs in
a) Stationary phase b) Senescence phase c) Lag phase d) Exponential phase
Heart is formed is embryo during …… of development
a) 15 days b) One months c) 1.5 months d) 2 months
The figure given below illustrates the changes taking place during the human menstruation cycle

Identify hormones 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶,𝐷 and 𝐸 from the figures
In the boxes shown in the figure write the name of the hormone (or hormones) controlling the stage in the
human menstrual cycle
a) A-FSH, B-LH, C-LH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
b) A- LH, B- FSH, C-LH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
c) A-FSH, B-LH, C- FSH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
d) A-FSH, B-LH, C-LH, D- Progesterone, E- Oestrogen

Organogenesis is the formation of
a) Organs b) Tissue c) Ova d) Spinal cord
…A… is composed of endoderm inside and splanchonopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside. In
humans it is small and non-functional except for …B… to placenta. A and B in the statement refers to
a) A-Allantois; B-blood vessel b) A- Blood vessel; B- allantois
c) A-Amnion; B-amniotic cavity d) A-Endoderm; B-ectoderm
In vitro fertilization is a technique that involves transfer of which one of the following into the fallopian
tube?
a) Embryo only, upto 8 celled stage
b) Either zygote or early embryo upto 8 celled stage

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c) embryo of32celled stage
d) Zygote only

What happens during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?
a) Proliferation of endometrium wall b) Reduction of endometrium wall
c) Shadding of endometrium wall d) No effect on endometrium wall
Adrenal gland is derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Ectoderm and endoderm
The males of honey bee are produced by
a) Sexually b) Budding c) Spore formation d) Parthenogenesis
During pregnancy which one of the following is excreted?
a) hCG b) FSH c) LH d) Progesterone
Identical twins are
a) Monozygotic b) Isozygotic c) Bizygotic d) All of these
If for some, reason, the vasa efferentia in the human reproductive system get blocked, the gametes will not
be transported form
a) Epididymis to vas deferens b) Ovary to uterus
c) Vagina to uterus d) Testes to epididymis
Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency?
a) Luteinizing hormone – failure of ovulation b) Insulin – Diabetes insipidus
c) Thyroxine – Tetany d) Parathyroid hormone – Diabetes mellitus
Pouch in which is the testes are suspended outside the abdominal cavity, is
a) Tunica albuginia b) Inguinal canal c) Epididymis d) Scrotum
Hormone which causes the parturition is
a) Oestrogen b) Oxytocin c) Prostaglandin d) All of these
Select the correct statement.
a) Cleavage follows gastrulation b) Yolk content in egg has no role in cleavage
c) Cleavage is repeated mitotic division of zygote d) Gastrulation and blastulation are followed by each
other
Colostrum is important for newly born because
a) Colostrum have antigen
b) Colostrum have antibody
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Colostrum have more nutrients than ordinary milk
A pair of bulbourethral gland also called …A… gland present on the either side of …B… . It secrets …C…
fluid and …D… for lubricating the penis. Here A, B, C and D are
a) A-Cowper’s, B-Urethra, C-Alkaline, D-Mucous
b) A-Prostate, B-Urethra, C-Acidic, D-Mucous
c) A-Cowper’s B-Scrotum, C-Acidic, D-Mucous
d) A-Prostate, B-Scrotum, C-Alkaline, D-Mucous
ZIFT is
a) Transfer of zygote into the fallopian tube
b) Transfer of embryo into the uterus
c) Transfer of mixture of sperms and ova into the fallopian tube
d) Transfer of mixture of sperms and ova into the uterus
Maturation of sperm before penetration is called
a) Spermatogenesis b) Spermiogenesis c) Capacitation d) Spermatid
Attachment of blastocyst of uterine wall is called
a) Fertilization b) Implantation c) Deplantation d) All of these

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In testis, the immature germ cells produce sperm by …A… at puberty …B… present on the inside wall of
seminiferous tubules multiply by …C… division and increase their number. Identify A, B and C from the
above statement
a) A-secondary spermatocytes, B-primary
spermatocytes, C-mitosis
b) A- primary spermatocytes, B- secondary
spermatocytes, C-mitosis
c) A-spermatogenesis, B-spermatogonia, C-mitosis d) A- spermatogonia, B- spermatogenesis, C-meiosis
Ovaries are the …A… sex organs which produce ovum and several steroid hormone called …B… Here A
and B refers to
a) A-secondary; B-testosterone b) A-tertiary; B-inhibin
c) A-primary; B-ovarian hormones d) A-primary; B-testosterone
Ceasation of menstrual cycle at the age of 50 is called
a) Ovulation b) Gametogenesis c) Menses d) Menopause
Programmed cell death is scientifically termed as
a) Autotomy b) Cell lysis c) Apoptosis d) None of these
During spermatogenesis, which stage is the first to contain haploid number of chromosomes?
a) Spermatogonium b) Primary spermatocyte
c) Secondary spermatocyte d) Spermatid
The figure given below depicts a diagrammatic sectional view of the female reproductive system of
humans. Which one set of three parts out of A-F have been correctly identified? a) C-Infundibulum, D-Fimbriae, E-Cervix b) D-Oviducal funnel, E-uterus, F-Cervix
c) A-Perimetrium, B-Myometrium, C-fallopian tube d) B-Endometrium, C- Infundibulum, D- Fimbriae
Middle piece of sperm contains
a) Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, centriole
b) Axial filament, centriole, axial filament
c) Mitochondria, centriole, axial filament
d) Golgi bodies, axial filament, centriole
Ejaculation is the …A… response. Erection is a …B… response. Here, A and B refers to
a) A-parasympathetic, B-sympathetic b) A-parasympathetic, B-parasympathetic
c) A-sympathetic, B-parasympathetic d) A-sympathetic, B-sympathetic
The polar body of human ovum is formed
a) Before birth b) After birth c) During birth d) Both (a) and (b)
Find out primary follicle and tertiary follicle in question number 114
a) B and C b) C and D c) D and E d) A and F
With increasing age, secretion of which of the following reduces to almost half?
a) GTH b) Melatonin c) hGH d) Oestrogen
Soon after implantation, the inner cell mass differentiation into outer ….A…. and inner …B… occurs ….C….
soon appears between ectoderm and mesoderm. A, B and C in the above sentence are
a) A-mesoderm, B-ectoderm, C-endoderm
b) A-ectoderm, B-mesoderm, C-endoderm
c) A-ectoderm, B-endoderm, C-mesoderm
d) A-mesoderm, B-endoderm, C-ectoderm
Luteal phase last for how many days?
a) 15-20 days b) 15-28 days c) 15-25 days d) 15-22 days
Saheli is a oral contraceptive containing
a) Oestrogen and progesterone b) Oestrogen
c) Progesterone d) Testosterone and FSH

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What stage of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the event labelled 𝐴 in the figure of previous
question?
a) Corpus luteum formation b) Ovulation
c) Flow d) Fertilization
Cauda epididymis lead to
a) Vas efferens b) Vas deferens c) Ejaculatory duct d) Rete testis
After implantation, finger-like projections on the trophoblast are called …A…. which are surrounded by
…B… and maternal blood.
Here A and B refers to
a) A-chorion; B-foetal cell b) A-chorionic villi; B-uterine tissue
c) A-uterine tissue; B-chorionic villi d) A-foetal cell; B-chorion
Ovulation takes place in menses between
a) 9-14 days b) 14-16 days c) 16-28 days d) 20-26 days
Male’s testes are contained in the scrotal sacs because
a) Other organs do not make space of the testes in the abdominal cavity
b) Testes in the abdomen will hamper maturation of sperms
c) It provides temperature that is slightly lower than body temperature required for formation of
functional sperms
d) It facilitates ejaculation
Two major entities seen in human testis TS are
a) Sertoli cells and interstitial cells b) Spermatozoa and Sertoli cells
c) Seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells d) Seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells
Oviducts are also called
a) Fallopian tubes b) Uterus c) Vagina d) Ovary
Seminal plasma in human males in rich in
a) Fructose and calcium
b) Glucose and Calcium
c) DNA and testosterone
d) Ribose and potassium
Given a diagram showing a portion of a seminiferous tubule. Identify the marked alphbates a) A-Sertoli cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-Spermatids,
F-Leydig cell
b) A- Leydig cells, B- Primary spermatocyte, C- Spermatogonium, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E
Spermatids, F- Sertoli cells
c) A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E
Spermatozoa, F- Sertoli cell
d) A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-Spermatids,
F- Sertoli cell
The egg of frog is
a) Telolecithal b) Microlecithal c) Alecithal d) centrolecithal
Which hormone level reaches peak during luteal phase of menstrual cycle?
a) Luteinizing harmone b) Progesterone

Page| 14

c) Follicle stimulating harmone d) Oestrogen

Skin epidermis, tooth, enamel, lens and corner of outer ear, brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscles of human
head are derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (c) and (d)
Primary sex organ is males is
a) Testes b) Sertoli cells c) Ovum d) Spermatogonia
The signals for parturition originates from
a) Placenta only b) Placenta as well as fully developed foetus
c) Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary d) Fully developed foetus only
Infertility could develop when the sperm cells display
a) A count of 120 million/mL semen b) Increased acrosomal activity
c) Normal morphology d) Count of less than 20 million/mL semen
Exact time of human gestation period is
a) 9 month ± 15 days b) 9 month ± 20 days c) 9 month ± 7 days d) 9 month ± 1 days
Vitellogenesis occurs during the formation of
a) Primary oocyte in the Graafian follicle
b) Oogonial cell in the Graafian follicle
c) Ootid in the fallopian tube
d) Secondary oocyte in the fallopian tube
In mammals, corpus luteum is found in which organ?
a) Brain b) Ovary c) Liver d) Eyes
External genitalia develops in the …… of development
a) 2nd month b) 5th month c) 3rd month d) 1st month
Acrosome is the modified
a) Mitochondria b) Lysosome c) Golgi body d) Nucleus
The following is a diagram of the just spawned frog’s egg; with the parts labelled from A to E. identify the
parts and choose the correct option from those given figure. a) A –cytoplasm, B-plasma membrane, C-vitelline
membrane, D-yolk, E-jelly coat
b) A –cytoplasm, B- vitelline membrane, C- plasma
membrane, D-yolk, E-jelly coat
c) A -yolk, B- plasma membrane, C- vitelline
membrane, D- cytoplasm, E- jelly coat
d) A – yolk, B-jelly coat, C- vitelline membrane, D-
cytoplasm, E-plasma membrane
The chemical substance released by activated spermatozoa that acts on the ground substances of the
follicle cells is known as
a) Progesterone b) Hyaluronidase c) Relaxin d) Gonadotropin
The haemoglobin of a human foetus
a) Has lower affinity for oxygen than that of the adult b) has affinity for oxygen same as that of an adults
c) Has only two protein subunits instead of four d) Has higher affinity for oxygen than that of an adult
When did the structure labelled 𝐵 in the given figure starts to form

Page| 15

a) Infancy
b) Before birth
c) At the start of the menstrual cycle
d) At puberty

In human, cleavage/divisions are
a) Slow and synchronous b) Fast and synchronous
c) Show and asynchronous d) Fastand asynchronous
There is no DNA in
a) An enucleated ovum b) Mature RBCs
c) A mature spermatozoan d) Hair root
Natural parthenogenesis is found in
a) Housefly b) Honey bee c) Drosophila d) All of these
Inner cell mass contains certain cells called ……, which have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and
organs. The suitable word for blank in the above sentence is
a) Stem cell b) Germ cell c) Mesodermal cell d) Special cell
The given diagram refers to ovum surrounded by few sperms. Identify 𝐴,𝐵 and 𝐶 in the diagram a) A-Zona pellucida, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona reticulata
b) A-Zona pellucida, B-Viteline membrane, C-Corona radiata
c) A-Zona pellucida, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona radiata
d) A-Oolemma, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona radiata
Which chemical event of fertilization involves the presence of hyaluronidase enzyme?
a) Acrosomal reaction b) Cortical reaction c) Amphimixis d) Activation of egg
Leydig’s cells are concerned with
a) Ovary b) Seminiferous tubule c) Liver d) Pituitary gland
Tunica albugenia is the covering of
a) Liver b) Spleen c) Testis d) Penis
Which of the following cells present in the mammalian testis and nourishes the sperm?
a) Leydig cells b) Oxyntic cells c) Interstitial cell d) Sertoli cell
Progesterone is needed for the maintenance
a) Of ovary b) Of ovum
c) Of endometrium wall d) Of ootid
The target ICSH is
a) Prostate b) Seminiferous tubule c) Interstitial cells d) Seminal vesicle
Proliferation of endometrium of uterus is controlled by

Page| 16

a) Relaxin b) Oxytocin c) Progesterone d) Oestrogen

Sugar fructose is present in the secretion of
a) Bartholin’s gland b) Cowper’s gland c) Seminal vesicles d) Prostate gland
…A… are the certain agents that causes abnormal development in the developing embryo. The most well
known is …B… which causes phenomelia is foetus
a) A-Barbiturates, B-anesthetic
b) A-Thalidomide, B-teratogens
c) A-Teratogens, B-thalidomide
d) A-Aspririn, B-anesthetis
The number of autosomes in human primary spermatocyte is
a) 46 b) 44 c) 23 d) 22
Seminal vesicles are present at the base of
a) Penis b) Bladder c) Testis d) Prostate gland
The main function of fimbriae of Fallopian tube is
a) Help in development of ovary
b) Help in collection of the ovum after ovulation
c) Help in development of ova
d) Help in fertilization
Saheli is a
a) Oral contraceptive for females b) Surgical sterilization method for females
c) Diaphragm for females d) Surgical method of sterilization in males
The nutritive cells found in seminiferous tubules are
a) Leydig cells b) Sertoli cells c) Spermatogonial cells d) Follicular cells
Label 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶,𝐷 in following diagram a) A-Ureter, B-Seminal vesicle, C-Prostate, D
Bulbourethral gland
b) A-Ureter, B-Prostate, C- Seminal vesicle, D
Bulbourethral gland
c) A-Vas deferens, B-Seminal vesicle, C-Prostate, D
Bulbourethral gland
d) A- Vas deferens, B-Vesicle, C-Bulbourethral gland,
D-Prostate
The following diagram refers to the female reproductive system of human. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐹 a) A-Ampulla, B-Isthums, C-Infundibulum, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
b) A- Isthums, B- Infundibulum, C- Ampulla, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
c) A- Isthmus, B- Ampulla, C-Infundibulum, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
d) A-Ampulla, B- Infundibulum, C-Isthmus, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus

: ANSWER KEY :
1) a 2) c 3) d 4) a
5) c 6) c 7) d 8) c
9) c 10) c 11) a 12) b
13) c 14) d 15) b 16) a
17) b 18) a 19) b 20) a
21) a 22) c 23) c 24) b
25) b 26) b 27) a 28) c
29) b 30) d 31) b 32) b
33) b 34) a 35) a 36) b
37) b 38) a 39) b 40) c
41) b 42) c 43) c 44) c
45) a 46) a 47) b 48) d
49) a 50) a 51) c 52) b
53) c 54) a 55) a 56) c
57) d 58) d 59) a 60) a
61) d 62) c 63) c 64) b
65) a 66) d 67) a 68) b
69) b 70) a 71) c 72) d
73) c 74) a 75) c 76) d
77) a 78) c 79) c 80) c
81) a 82) a 83) a 84) b
85) a 86) b 87) a 88) b
89) b 90) c 91) c 92) c
93) a 94) d 95) b 96) a
97) b 98) b 99) d 100) d
101) b 102) b 103) b 104) c
105) a 106) a 107) c 108) c
109) a 110) c 111) d 112) d
113) d 114) b 115) a 116) a
117) a 118) b 119) a 120) a
121) d 122) a 123) a 124) d
125) a 126) d 127) d 128) c
129) b 130) a 131) a 132) c
133) b 134) c 135) c 136) d
137) c 138) c 139) a 140) c
141) c 142) d 143) a 144) c
145) b 146) b 147) a 148) b
149) b 150) b 151) b 152) c
153) c 154) a 155) a 156) d
157) a 158) b 159) a 160) a
161) b 162) d 163) c 164) a
165) b 166) c 167) c 168) a
169) b 170) d 171) b 172) a
173) b 174) b 175) a 176) c
177) a 178) b 179) c 180) d
181) c 182) c 183) d 184) c
185) c 186) b 187) b 188) b
189) a 190) b 191) c 192) c

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :
1 (a)
Rout of milk secretion

Internally, the breast consists of the glandular
tissue forming mammary glands, the fibrous
tissue (connective tissue) and the fatty or adipose
tissue. Mammary glands are modified sweat
glands
2 (c)
I. Oestrogen – D
II. Ovulation – G
III. Repair of endometrium – F
IV. Luteinising hormone – C
V. Menstruation – H
VI. Luteal phase – B
VII. Progesterone – E
VIII. Ovarian phase – A
3 (d)
Gastrulation is the process of the formationof
gastrula from the blastula. It is characterized y
formation of three primary germ layers and
morphogenetic movements including epiboly,
emboly, involution, invagination and
delamination.
4 (a)
Among prostaglandin, oestrogen and oxytocin, it
is oxytocin contract the uterine wall strongly.
Parturition
(i) The average duration of human pregnancy is
about 9 months which is called the gestation
period
(ii) The act of expelling the full term foetus from
the mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period
is called parturition
(iii) It is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
mechanism
(iv) Parturition signals originates from the fully
developed foetus and the palcenta, which induce
mild uterine contractions called foetus ejection
reflex
(v) This triggers the release of oxytocin from the
maternal pituitary
(vi) Oxytocin induces stronger uterine muscle
contractions
(vii) Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic
symphysis and ligaments that helps to dilate the
uterine cervix during labour pain
(viii) This leads to the expulsion of baby
5 (c)

Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.

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(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
undergoes degeneration and this causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation
6 (c)
In isolecithal eggs, yolk is uniformly distributed
(e.g., mammals). In centrolecithal eggs, yolk is in
the centre of the egg (e.g., insects). In polyleithal
eggs, yolk is in patches, (e.g., insects) and in
telolecithal eggs, yolk is concentrated at one of the
egg (e.g., frog, birds). Eggs of human being are
microlecithal and isolecithal.
7 (d)
Capacitation takes about 5-6 hours.
Capacitation of Sperm The sperms in the female is
genital tract are made capable of fertilizing the
egg by the secretion of female genital tract. These
secretions of the female genital tract removes the
coating substances deposited on the surface of the
sperms, particularly those on acrosome. Thus, the
receptor sites on the acrosome are exposed and
sperm become active to penetrate the egg. This
phenomenon of sperm activation in mammals is
called capacitation. It takes about 5-6 hr for
capacitation of sperm
8 (c)
The grey crescent area is an area just opposite to
the entry of sperm into ovum.
9 (c)
Corpus luteum is the yellow endocrine body
formed in the ovary at the site of a ruptured
Graafian follicle, while macula lutea is a yellow
spot on the retina. The common feature between
the two is that both (corpus luteum and macula
lutea) are characterized by yellow colour.
10 (c)
A cross section at the midpoint of the middle
piece of a sperm will show mitochondria and 9+2
arrangement of microtubules.
11 (a)
Fusion of male and female gametes is called
fertilization. It can be external (outside the female
genital tract) like frog, fishes or internal (inside
the female genital tract) like mammals, birds, etc.
12 (b)
Rapid mitosis in zygote into the blastomeres
Gametes. The major reproductive events in
human beings are as follows
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
the male into the genital tract of the female
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
a multicellular structure called blastocyst
(blastula)
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
to the uterine wall
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
placenta which is the intimate connection
between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
to exchange the materials
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
primary germ layers
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
tissue, organs and organ systems from three
primary germ layers
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
13 (c)
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.

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20 (a)
Extra embryonic membrane are also called foetal
membrane.
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes
The growing embryo/foetus develops four
membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal
membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
allantois and yolk sac
(i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and
protects it. It also takes part in the formation of
placenta
(ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
outside. The space between the embryo and the
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both

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the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a
protective cushion that absorbs shocks
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo
near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small
and non-functional except for furnishing blood
vessels to the placenta
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is
non-functional in human beings except that it
functions as the site of early blood cell formation
21 (a)
Capacitation is the activation of sperm in
mammals, which takes place in female genital
duct. The secretory cells of epithelial lining of
oviduct mucosa secrete viscous fluid, which
activates the sperms due to which sperms get
motile for fusion with egg.
22 (c)
Epididymis stores the sperm and also secretes a
fluid, which is considered to nourish the sperm. In
epididymis the sperms are stored for few hours to
few days till sent out through ejaculations and
Sperms, if not ejaculated are reabsorbed. Testis
and epididymis are together called testides
23 (c)
In human female, the large plasma surge of
luteinizing hormone (LH) causes induction of
ovulation (release of ovum).
24 (b)
Progesterone and oestrogen, level of both rises in
luteal or secretory phase
Menstrual cycle
Phases Days Events
Menstrual
phase
1-5 Endometrium
breaks down,
menstruation
begins. The cells of
endometrium,
secretions, blood
and the
unfertilized ovum
constitute the
menstrual flow.
Progesterone and
LH production is
reduced
Follicular
phase
(proliferative
phase)
6-13 Endometrium
rebuilds, FSH
secretion and
oestrogen’s
secretion increase
Ovulatory
phase
14 Both LH and FSH
attain a peak level.
Concentration of
oestrogen in the
blood is also high
and reaches its
peak, Ovulation
occurs
Luteal phase
(secretory
phase)
15
28
Corpus luteum
secretes
progesterone.
Endometrium
thickens and
uterine glands
become secretory

25 (b)
Spermatogenesis is the process of the formation of
haploid spermatozoa (sperms) from the
undifferentiated diploid primordial germs cells of
the testes, which involves multiplication phase,
growth phase, maturation phase and
differentiation phase, whereas Spermiogenesis is
the process to transformation of spermatids
intospermatozoa (sperms) which involves
differentiation phase.
26 (b)
There are many enzymes in the acrosome like
fertilisin, hyaluronidase, pectin corona
penetrating enzyme, acrosin etc., together they
are called sperm lysins
27 (a)
Alimentary canal and respiratory structure are
endodermal in origin.
28 (c)
Graafian follicle is the mature follicle present in
the ovary. It consists of an outermost layer called
theca externa and inner to it is theca interna.
29 (b)
If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, the
oestrogen secretion does not decrease further.
30 (d)
Spermatogonium
↓ Mitosis and differentiation
Primary spermatocytes
↓ Meiosis-I
Secondary spermatocytes

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         ↓ Meiosis-II

Spermatids
↓ Differentiation
Spermatozoa
31 (b)
Allantois is an extra embryonic membrane
developed as an outgrowth from hindgut. In the
eggs of reptiles and birds, it functions as a urinary
bladder and stores the waste excretory products.
It also provides oxygen (in reptiles, birds and
mammals) and food (in mammals) to the embryo.
32 (b)
A-Pelvic wall; B-Ligament, C-Peripheral cortex; D
Inner medulla
33 (b)
Labia majora (female external genitalia)
homologous to the scrotum of male
34 (a)
After ovulation, frog Graafian follicle acts as an
endocrine gland because it secretes progesterone
hormone for the maintenance of pregnancy.
35 (a)
According to the theory of error catastrophe, the
damage to mechanisms that synthesize proteins,
results in faulty proteins, which accumulate to a
level and causes catastrophic damage to cells,
tissues and organs.
36 (b)
Rete testis is connected to caput epididymis by
12-20 fine tubules called vasa efferentia or ductuli
efference. These collect sperms from inside the
testis and transfer them to the epididymis. Vas
deferens arises from cauda epididymis, conducts,
sperms from epididymis to urethra.
37 (b)
Doctors inject oxytocin hormone for the strong
contraction of uterine wall.
Parturition
(i) The average duration of human pregnancy is
about 9 months which is called the gestation
period
(ii) The act of expelling the full term foetus from
the mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period
is called parturition
(iii) It is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
mechanism
(iv) Parturition signals originates from the fully
developed foetus and the palcenta, which induce
mild uterine contractions called foetus ejection
reflex
(v) This triggers the release of oxytocin from the
maternal pituitary
(vi) Oxytocin induces stronger uterine muscle
contractions
(vii) Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic
symphysis and ligaments that helps to dilate the
uterine cervix during labour pain
(viii) This leads to the expulsion of baby
38 (a)
If fertilization occurs and foetus is implanted in
the endometrium, the trophoblast cells of the
developing placenta secrete a hormone human
Chorionic Gonadotrophic (hCG).This hormone,
like LH, maintains the corpus luteum and the
secretion of progesterone and estradiol by it.
These two hormones check the breakdown of the
endometrium of the uterus. The absence of
menstrual bleeding is the earliest sign of
pregnancy.
39 (b)
The ruptured follicle of ovary after ovulation gives
rise to corpus luteun which is the source for
secretion of progesterone. This hormone is
responsible for growth and maintenance of foetus.
Oestrogen is produced by theca interna cells of
Graafian follicles.
Male hormone called androgen is produced by
interstitial calls of Leydig.
40 (c)
By supply of oestrogen and progesterone, the
menstruation can be deferred.
41 (b)
Allantois si the extraembryonic membrane that
develops in embryon of reptiles, birds and
mammals as a growth from the hindgut. It acts as
a urinary bladder for the storage of waste
products and as means of providing the embryo
with oxygen and food.
42 (c)
Statement I is false. Sperm live for some time in
petridish but when they don’t get appropriate
environment, they will die. At −196℃ they can be
stored for years. This is the temperature which is
maintained at sperm bank
Statement II is true. Because sperm contain
prostaglandins which causes uterine wall to
contract

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43 (c)
Ovulation takes place at the 14-16th day of
menstrual cycle. This is indicated by arrow 𝐶 in
the diagram. Menstruation is the shedding of
endometrium wall of the uterus. It takes place at
the 1-5 day of the beginning of menstrual cycle,
which is indicated by arrow A
44 (c)
The epithelium of seminiferous tubule is made up
of two types of cells- Sertoli’s cells and
spermatogenic cells. Sertoli’s cells nourish
spermatozoa, act as nurse cells for differentiating
spermatozoa phagocytize defective sperm and
secrete protein hormone inhibin (which inhibits
FSH secretion).
45 (a)
Ovum receives the sperm in the region of animal
pole. The sperm fuses with ovum to form diploid
zygote. The pole of ovum opposite to animal pole
is coiled vegetal pole.
46 (a)
Endocrine Functions of Placenta Placenta secretes
some hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone,
human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human
Chorionic Somato-mammotropin (hCS), Chorionic
thyrotrophin, chorionic corticotropin and relaxin.
hCS was formarly known as human placental
lactogen. The hCG stimulates and maintains the
corpus luteum to secrete progesterone until the
end of pregnancy.
The hCS stimulates the growth of the mammary
gland during pregnancy. Relaxin facailitates
parturition (act of child birth) by softening of the
connective tissue of the pubic symphysis
47 (b)
Thalidomide should not be used during
pregnancy because even a single dose of
thalidomide can cause severe birth defects such
as phocomelia (underdeveloped limbs) in foetus
or foetal death.
48 (d)
Gasrtulation is characterized by the presence of
archenteron, three germinal layers (ectoderm,
mesoderm, and endoderm) and morphogenetic
movements.
49 (a)
Fertilization
The process of fusion of a sperm (male gamete)
with an ovum (female gamete) is called
fertilization
Steps
(i) During coitus, semen is released by the penis
into the vagina (insemination)
(ii) The motile sperms swim rapidly through the
cervix, enter into the uterus and reach the
ampullary isthmic junction of the oviduct (site of
fertilization)
(iii) A sperm comes in contact with the zona
pellucida layer of the ovum and induces changes
in the membrane to block the entry of additional
sperms
(iv) The enzymes of the acrosome of sperm help
to dissolve zona pellucida and plasma membrane
of the ovum and sperm head is allowed to enter
into the cytoplasm of the ovum, i.e., secondary
oocyte
(v) Ultimately diploid zygote is produced by the
fusion of a sperm and an ovum
50 (a)
Scrotum maintains the temperature of testis,
which is 2-2.5°C below the body temperature. In
winter they reduces their surface area for
preventing heat loss, so that temperature remains
34.5-35℃. In summer it increase their surface
area for cooling, so that the temperature remains
34.5-35℃
51 (c)
Follicular phase is also called the proliferative
phase.
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.

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(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
undergoes degeneration and this causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation
52 (b)
A- Oestrogen, B-Oxytocin, C- Prostaglandin.

53 (c)
A-epididymis; B-Posterior
54 (a)
Epididymis is a mass of coiled tubules attached to
the posterior surface of the testes. It stores the
sperms temporarily. Sperms achieve maturity and
motility in epididymis by reabsorption of fluid
secreted originally by the seminiferous tubules
and by chemicals produced by the lining of
epididymal tube.
55 (a)
Sertoli cells are also called subtentacular cells
56 (c)
Each seminiferous tubules is lined on its inside by
two types of cells called male germ cells
(spermatogonium) and Sertoli cells

57 (d)
A-Alveoli, B-Milk, C-Mammary duct
58 (d)
Nucleus of ovum is called female pronucleus.
Capacitation takes about 5-6 hours.
Capacitation of Sperm The sperms in the female is
genital tract are made capable of fertilizing the
egg by the secretion of female genital tract. These
secretions of the female genital tract removes the
coating substances deposited on the surface of the
sperms, particularly those on acrosome. Thus, the
receptor sites on the acrosome are exposed and
sperm become active to penetrate the egg. This
phenomenon of sperm activation in mammals is
called capacitation. It takes about 5-6 hr for
capacitation of sperm
59 (a)
To produce test tube baby, the egg fertilized
outside the human body, is placed in the womb of
the mother, where the gastrula period is
completed.
60 (a)
Ovum is a secondary oocyte which is released
from mature Graafian follicle of an ovary
61 (d)
Sperm lysins contains hyaluronidase, corona
penetrating enzyme, acrosin etc.
There are many enzymes in the acrosome like
fertilisin, hyaluronidase, pectin corona
penetrating enzyme, acrosin etc., together they
are called sperm lysins
62 (c)
Seminal plasma is the combined secretion of three
glands named (a) seminal vesicles (b) prostate
gland (c) Cowper’s gland, together with sperm
they collectively form semen
63 (c)
Superior region (which is somewhat rounded in
shape) of uterus is called fundus

Infundibulum 1. Perimetrium
It is the opening of Outer thin covering
fallopian tube found of uterus wall

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near to ovaries

Fimbriae 2. Myometrium
Finger like projection Middle thick layer or
for collecting ovum uterus wall
near to ovaries
Ampulla 3. Endometrium
Infundibulum leads Inner layer of uterus that
to the wider contains glands and many
part of oviduct blood vesels
Isthmus
Last part of oviduct
having a narrow
lumen which joins
the uterus

64 (b)
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophic) and HPH
(Human Placental hormone) released during the
pregnancy
65 (a)
The process of giving birth to a baby or delivery of
foetus is called parturition. It starts with rise in
oestrogen/progesterone ratio, increase in the
level of oxytocin secretion by both mother and
foetus.
66 (d)
Ovary is internally differentiated into four parts,
i.e., outer germinal epithelium of cubical cells, a
delicate sheath of connective tissue or tunica
albuginea, a cortex of dense connective tissue with
reticular fibres, spindle-shaped cells, ovarian
follicles and a few blood vessels while the central
part of medulla is made of less dense connective
tissue with elastic fibres, smooth muscles, a
number of blood vessels and a few nerves.
Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in
mother’s oviduct after the sperm entry into it for
fertilization. 2° oocyte stops advancing further
after the completion of metaphase-II. Sperm entry
restart the cell cycle by breaking down MPF
(Maturation Promoting Factor) and truning on
APF (Anaphase Promoting Factor)
67 (a)
Lactation is, produring milk towards the end of
pregnancy
68 (b)
During embryonic development of human, in the
second cleavage division, one of the two
blastomeres usually divides a little sooner then
the second. Cleavage is series of mitotic cell
divisions that increase the number of cells but
does not change the size of the original mass.
69 (b)
Prolactin is secreted by anterior pituitary gland,
which stimulates mammary gland development
during pregnancy and lactation after child birth.
70 (a)
A-Follicle, B-Corona radiata, C-Zona pellucida
Enzymes of
Acrosome
Working
Hyaluronidase

Corona penetrating
enzyme
Zona lysine or
acrosin
Hydrolysis of
hyaluronic acid
Dissolve corona
radiate
Digest zona
pellucida

71 (c)
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which
negatively feed back and inhibits the release of LH
and FSH.
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.

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c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
undergoes degeneration and this causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation.
(d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during
this phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During
pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop
and there is no menstruation. The menstrual cycle
permanently stops in females at the age of around
50 years. This is called menopause
72 (d)
Spermatogonium (2n)
↓
Primary spermatocytes (2n)
↓ meiosis-I
Secondary spermatocytes
↓ meiosis-II
Spermatids speriogenesis → Spermatozoa

73 (c)
All systems (except nervous system, gills and
lungs), muscles, bone, heart, blood, kidney,
reproductive system, coelom, lymph node, spleen,
eustachian tube, adrenal cortex develop from
mesoderm.
74 (a)
In centrolecithal eggs, the yolk is surrounded by
cytoplasm, e.g., eggs of insects.
75 (c)
Whether a child died after normal birth or died
before birth can be confirmed by measuring the
weight of the child.
76 (d)
The movement of spermatozoa, from the
epididymal duct and seminal fluid into the
ejaculatory duct to the urethra is under the
control of sympathetic nervous system.
Ejaculation is the sympathetic response while
erection is a parasympathetic response.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic both are the
part of autonomic nervous system.
Somatic Nervous
System
Automatic Nervous
System
Conscious or
voluntary
regulation

Fibres do not
synapse after they
leave the CNS
(single neuron
from CNS to
effector organ)
Innervates skeletal
muscle fibres,
always stimulatory
Functions without
conscious
awareness
(involuntary)
Fibres synapse
once at a ganglion
after they leave the
CNS (two neuron
chain motor
control
Innervates smooth
muscle, cardiac
muscle and glands
either stimulates or
inhibits

77 (a)
Sertoli’s cell are regulated by FSH (Follicle
Stimulating Hormone) as the FSH receptors are
confined to the Sertoli’s cells.
78 (c)
The main function of seminiferous tubules is to
produce spermatozoa. Inflammation of
seminiferous tubules could interfere with the
ability to produce spermatozoa
79 (c)
Gestation includes, fertilization, implantation and
developmenty. It lasts from conception to
hatching or birth.
Gestation period in rabbit – 28 to 30 days
In man – 280 days
In rat (minimum) – 15 days
In elephant (maximum) – 22 months
80 (c)
Nervous system consists of highly specialized
cells called the neurons. The neurons defect and
receive information from different sensory organs
and integrate them to determine the mode of
response of the body. Nervous system is
ectodermal in origin.
81 (a)
A –Theca externa B-Theca interna,
C-Ovum D-Cumulus oophorus,
E-Antrum F-Membrana granulose
82 (a)
A typical mammalian sperm is flagellated
consisting of four pats namely head, neck, middle
piece and tail. During fertilization, whole of sperm
enters into an ovum but tail is left outside.
83 (a)

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After releasing ovum the structure left is called
corpus luteum. It secretes progesterone, which
maintains the pregnancy
84 (b)
External genitalia of male is called penis, which is
the passage for both urine and sperm
85 (a)
The enzyme present in sperm acrosome are
collectively called sperm lysins and containing:
(i) Hyaluronidase: Acts on the ground substance
of follicle cells.
(ii) Corona penetrating enzyme: Dissolve corona
radiata.
(iii) Zona lysin or acrosin: It helps to digest the
zona pellucida.
86 (b)
In mammalian ovum during maturation phase,
meiosis occurs. Nucleus shift towards animal pole
and undergoes meiosis-I. After fertilization
(penetration of sperm), the second meiotic
division is completes with unequal cytoplasmic
cleavage. This forms a large cell the ootid with
essentially whole of the cytoplasm and a very
small cell, the second polar body.
87 (a)
Luteal phase is also called secretory phase.
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
undergoes degeneration and this causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation
88 (b)
FSH (follicle Stimulating Hormone) is secreted
from the anterior lobe of pituitary. It stimulates
growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of
oestrogen in female and spermatogenesis in male.
89 (b)
Starting of menstrual cycle =13 th year of age.
Stopping of menstrual cycle = 48 years of age.
Duration of menstrual cycle are =48−13=35
yr
Total no. of month is 35 years =35×12=400
months
One ova is released during one menstrual cycle
(one months).
So, about 400 ova (follicles) will be produced by a
women in its life time
91 (c)
Neubenkern is a part of middle piece of human
sperm.
92 (c)
The forehead of the penis is covered by the skin.
Foreskin and prepuce both terms are used for
that skin
93 (a)
Interstitial cell secrets androgen (testosterone).
i.e., male sex hormones
Differences between Leydig’s cells and Sertoli
cells
Leydig’s Cells
(Interstitial
Cells)
Sertoli Cells
(Sustentacular Cells)
They are present
in between the
seminiferous
tubules.

Leydig’s cells are
found in small
groups and are
rounded in
shape.
They secrete
andogens (𝑒.𝑔.,
testosterone)
male sex
hormones
They are present in
between the
germinal epithelial
cells of the
seminiferous tubules.
Sertoli cells are
found singly and are
elongated

They provide
nourishment to the
developing
spermatozoa
(sperms). Sertoli
cells secrete ABP
(Androgen Binding
Protein) that

Page| 58

concentrates
testosterone in the
seminiferous tubules.
It also secretes
another protein
inhibin which
suppresses FSH
synthesis

94 (d)
Without the scrotal sac there is no maintenance of
temperature and without the maintenance of
temperature, there will be no sperm production
95 (b)
In mammalian embryo, trophoectoderm draws
food for the developing cell.
96 (a)
In rabbit, sperms are produced in seminiferous
tubles, which open into a network called rete
testes. It opens by several fine ductless glands
called vasa efferentia, into epididymis. The basal
end of each epididymis leads into a muscular tube
called vas deferens.
97 (b)
Implantation
(i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division. This
is called cleavage. As a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter
cells are produced which are termed as
blastomeres
(ii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a
morula
(iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells
called blastocyst, which passes further into the
uterus
(iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged
into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner
group of cells attached to trophoblast called inner
cell mass
(v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the
cells of the endometrium and the inner cell mass
gives rise to the embryo
(vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and
cover the blastocyst
(vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the
endometrium of the uterus. This is called
implantation, which leads to pregnancy
Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of
development (morula), which produces an
embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed
with in the cell mass. This cavity is called
blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is
termed as blastocyst.
Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells
the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner
mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the
blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is
called embryonic pole (animal pole), while
opposite side is the abembryonic pole
The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner
mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of
the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to
embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to
provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of
the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes
namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the
trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass
are called cells of raubers

98 (b)
Binary fission is a mode of vegetative
reproduction, in which simple cell division takes
place. The unicelled forms like diatoms, desmids,
yeast, slime moulds, etc, multiply by this process.
99 (d)
Menstrual cycle (ovarian cycle) It is a series of
cyclic changes that occur in the reproductive tract
of human females and other primates with a
periodicity of 28 days, right from menarche to
menopause. It is characterized by menses or loss
of blood for a few days
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases

Page| 59

(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
undergoes degeneration and this causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation
100 (d)
The outer surface of the chorion in humans
develops a number of finger-like projection called
chorionic villi. Because the chorion takes part in
the formation of placenta, the human placenta is
chorionic placenta. Amount of yolk is very less
and found in yolk sac of foetal membranes of
humans
101 (b)
The part of fallopian tube closer to the ovary is
funnel-shaped infundibulum, which help in
collection of the ovum after ovulation.
102 (b)
A-200, B-300, C-60%, D-40%
103 (b)
Acrosome present in head of sperm, is derived
from Golgi complex. It secretes a lytic enzyme
hyaluronidase, which helps in the penetration of
ovum.
104 (c)
In previous Diagram F and A represents
spermatogonium and spermatozoa
105 (a)
Second meiotic division give rise to haploid ovum
(1𝑛) and second polar body.
Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature
ovum. It has three phases
(a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in
embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete
mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each
foetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed after
birth. These cells (oogonia) get into prophase-I of
meiotic division. They get temporarily arrested as
this stage called primary oocyte
(b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets
surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This
structure is called the primary follicle. A large
number of these follicles degenerate during the
phase from birth to puberty. At puberty, only
60000 and 80000 primary follicles are left in each
ovary. The primary follicles get surrounded by
more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to
form secondary follicles
(c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation
phase, the secondary follicle soon transforms into
a tertiary follicle. The primary oocyte within the
tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its
first meiotic division to form a large haploid
secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body
The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle
the Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the
secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a
process called ovulation. The second maturation
phase occurs after fertilization when the meiotic
division of the secondary oocyte is complete. This
second meiotic division results in the formation of
a second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)
106 (a)
Implantation It is the attachment of the blastocyst
to the uterine wall. It occurs after 7 days of
fertilization. About 8 days after fertilization, the
trophoblast develops into two layers in the region
of contact between the blastocyst and
endometrium.
These layers are (a) syncytiotrophoblast that
contains non-distinct cell boundaries and (b)
cytotrophoblast between the inner cell mass and
syncytiotrophoblast that is composed of distinct
cells. The portion of the blastocyst where the
inner cell mass is located lies against the
endometrium of the uterus. The blastocyst sinks
into a pit formed in the endometrium and gets
completely buried in the endometrium. The

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embedded blastocyst forms villi to get
nourishment.
The cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into
two layers (a) a layer of small, cuboidal cells
known as the hypoblast layer, and (b) a layer of
high columnar cells, the epiblast layer. Both the
hypoblast and epiblast form a flat disc called the
embryonic disc

107 (c)
Secondary spermatocytes are haploid as these are
formed after meiosis-I (reductional division).
108 (c)
In parturation there is strong uterine contraction
leads to the expulsion of baby called child birth
109 (a)
Near the nipple mammary duct expand to form
mammary ampullae (lactiferous sinuses) where
some milk may be stored before going to
lactiferous duct
110 (c)
The urethra originates from the urinary bladder
and extends through the penis to its external
opening called urethral meatus
111 (d)
Transfer of sperms by male in genital tract
Gametes. The major reproductive events in
human beings are as follows
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
the male into the genital tract of the female
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
a multicellular structure called blastocyst
(blastula)
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
to the uterine wall
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
placenta which is the intimate connection
between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
to exchange the materials
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
primary germ layers
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
tissue, organs and organ systems from three
primary germ layers
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
112 (d)
Sertoli’s cells or nurse cells are found in the
germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubles,
which nourish the developing sperms.
113 (d)
In growth curve, exponential phase or log phase is
characterized rapid growth in population, which
containues till enough food is available.
114 (b)
1st month.
Summary of important development changes in
the human embryo
Time from
Fertilisation
Organ Formed
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
starts about 24 hours
after fertilisation
cleavage to form a
blastocyst 4-5 days
after fertilisation.
More than 100 cells
implantataion 6-9
days after fertilisation
Week 2 The three primary
germ layers
(ectoderm, endoderm
and mesoderm)
develop
Week 3 Woman will not have
a period. This may be
the first sign that she
is pregnant. Beginning
of the backbone.
Neural tube develops,
the beginning of the
brain and spinal cord
(first organs)
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
blood and gut start
forming. Umbilical
cord developing
Week 5 Brain developing,
‘Limb buds’, small
swelling which are

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the beginning of the
arms and legs. Heart
is a large tube and
starts to beat,
pumping blood. This
can be seen an
ultrasound scan
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
form
Week 7 All major internal
organs developing.
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
with all organs,
muscles, bones toes
and fingers. Sex
organs well
developed. Foetus is
moving
Week 20 Hair beginning to
grow including
eyebrows and
eyelashes.
Fingerprints
developed.
Fingernails and
toenails growing.
Firm hand grip.
Between 16 and 20
weeks baby usually
felt moving for first
time
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
limit of abortion in
most circumstances
By Week 26 Has a good chance of
survival if born
prematurely
By Week 28 Baby moving
vigorously. Responds
to touch and loud
noises. Swallowing
amniotic fluid and
urinating
By Week 30 Usually lying head
down ready for birth
40 Weeks Birth

116 (a)
Organogenesis is a formation a of organ, tissue,
organ system.
Placentation is a connection between foetus and
uterine wall.
Gametes. The major reproductive events in
human beings are as follows
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
the male into the genital tract of the female
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
a multicellular structure called blastocyst
(blastula)
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
to the uterine wall
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
placenta which is the intimate connection
between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
to exchange the materials
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
primary germ layers
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
tissue, organs and organ systems from three
primary germ layers
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
117 (a)
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes
The growing embryo/foetus develops four
membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal
membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
allantois and yolk sac
(i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and
protects it. It also takes part in the formation of
placenta
(ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
outside. The space between the embryo and the
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both
the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a
protective cushion that absorbs shocks
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo

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near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small
and non-functional except for furnishing blood
vessels to the placenta
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is
non-functional in human beings except that it
functions as the site of early blood cell formation
118 (b)
In in vitro fertilization, the zygote or early
embryos upto 8 blastomeres are transferred into
the fallopian tube. If the embryo is more then 8
blastomeres then it is transferred into uterus
called as IUD.
119 (a)
Proliferation of endometrium.
In the ovulatory phase, both LH and FSH attain a
peak level in middle of cycle (about 14 day).
Rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of
Graafian follicle and thereby releasing the ovum
in human beings (secondary oocyte is released).
This is called ovulation. Infact increase level of LH
causes ovulation
120 (a)
Adrenal glands are paired structures located on
the top of the kidneys. Each adrenal gland has two
parts external adrenal cortex and internal adrenal
medulla. The adrenal cortex is derived from the
mesoderm of the embryo. The adrenal medulla
develops from the neuroectoderm of the embryo.
121 (d)
In a bee hive, drones are the fertile males
developed parthenogenetically from the
unfertilized eggs. They possess very large eyes,
small pointed mandibles and lack wax producing
gland. The function of drones is to mate with the
queen and fertilize her.
122 (a)
Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
The trophoblastic cells secretes human chorionic
gonadotropin hormone which has properties
similar to those luteinizing hormone (LH) of the
pituitary gland. It takes over the function of
pituitary LH during pregnancy. HCG maintains the
corpus luteum and stimulates it to secrete
progesterone. The latter maintains the
endometrium of the uterus and causes it to grow
throughout pregnancy. This also prevent
menstruation. Progesterone also causes increased
secretion of mucus in the cervix of the uterus that
forms a protective plug during pregnancy
123 (a)
Identical or monozygotic twins are siblings that
develop from one egg, contain identical genetical
information and are usually of very similar
appearance. Any physical and mental differences
detected between identical twins must arise,
therefore, from enviromental difference, both
before or after birth.
124 (d)
Vasa efferentia (Ductuli efferences) are 10-20 fine
tubules which connect rete testis with an
epididymis (Ductus epididymis). The latter is a
pair of ducts from each testis which is formed by
union of its vasa efferentia. If the vasa efferentia
get blocked, the sperms will not be transported
from testis to epididymis.
125 (a)
Ovulation occurs under the influence of LH and
FSH of anterior pituitary gland.
126 (d)
Scrotum is homologous to labia majora in females.
It is pouch of deeply pigmented skin divided into
two separate sacs. Each sac contains one testis
128 (c)
Fertilized zygote is divided by special type of
mitotic divisions, known as cleavage. Cleavage
increases the number of cells.
129 (b)
Colostrum have antibody-A which work against
the pathogenicity in newborn. So, it is
recommended by doctors to feed new born from
breast milk as for as possible
130 (a)
A-Cowper’s gland
B-Urethra
C-Alkaline
D-Mucous
131 (a)
GIFT(Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) is the
transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into
the fallopian tube of another female who can not
produce one but can provide suitable
environment for fertilization and further
development. In the same way ZIFT is used for
zygote.
132 (c)

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Maturation of sperm before penetration of egg is
called capacitation.
The development of spermatozoa from germinal
cells is called spermatogenesis.
Spermiogenesis is the differentiation of
spermatids into spermatozoa.
133 (b)
Implantation.
Implantation It is the attachment of the blastocyst
to the uterine wall. It occurs after 7 days of
fertilization. About 8 days after fertilization, the
trophoblast develops into two layers in the region
of contact between the blastocyst and
endometrium.
These layers are (a) syncytiotrophoblast that
contains non-distinct cell boundaries and (b)
cytotrophoblast between the inner cell mass and
syncytiotrophoblast that is composed of distinct
cells. The portion of the blastocyst where the
inner cell mass is located lies against the
endometrium of the uterus. The blastocyst sinks
into a pit formed in the endometrium and gets
completely buried in the endometrium. The
embedded blastocyst forms villi to get
nourishment.
The cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into
two layers (a) a layer of small, cuboidal cells
known as the hypoblast layer, and (b) a layer of
high columnar cells, the epiblast layer. Both the
hypoblast and epiblast form a flat disc called the
embryonic disc

134 (c)
A-Spermatogenesis, B-Spermatogonia, C-Mitosis
135 (c)
A-primary; B-ovarian hormones
136 (d)
Menopause (Gr. Men-month; pausis;-N-cessation)
It is a phase in woman’s life when ovulation and
menstruation stops. Is occurs between 45-55
years of age. Some woman have irregular cycles
for months or years prior to menopauses other
simply stops menstruating abruptly. Decline in
oestrogen and progesterone level leads to
menopause
137 (c)
Apoptosis is an active process of programmed cell
death, characterized by cleavage of chromosomal
DNA, chromatin condensation and fragmentation
of both the nucleus and the cell.
138 (c)
Secondary spermatocytes. The first stage in
spermatogenesis in which the chromosome
number becomes half
Spermatogenesis Formation of spermatozoa from
spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis has four phase
(i) Multiplication Phase Male germ cells
(spermatogonia) present on the inside wall of
seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division
and increase their number.
(ii) Growth Phase One spermatogonia stop
dividing and increase its size called primary
spermatocytes, which is diploid.
(iii) Multiplicative Phase Primary spermatocytes
divide by meiosis to give four haploid spermatids.
(iii) Differanation Phase Changing of spermatids
to spermatozoa by the process called
spermatogenesis. Releasing of sperm from
seminiferous tubules called spermiation
139 (a)
The fallopian tube is about 10-20 cm long and
extends from the periphery of each ovary to the
uterus. The part closer to the ovary is the funnel
shaped and is called infundibulum. The edged of
the infundibulum possess finger-like projections
called fimbriate, which help in collection of the
ovum after ovulation. The uterus opens into
vagina through a narrow cervix.
140 (c)
Middle piece of sperm contains mitochondria,
centriole, axial filament
141 (c)
Ejaculation is the sympathetic response while
erection is a parasympathetic response.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic both are the
part of autonomic nervous system.
Somatic Nervous
System
Automatic Nervous
System
Conscious or
voluntary
regulation

Functions without
conscious
awareness
(involuntary)

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Fibres do not
synapse after they
leave the CNS
(single neuron
from CNS to
effector organ)
Innervates skeletal
muscle fibres,
always stimulatory
Fibres synapse
once at a ganglion
after they leave the
CNS (two neuron
chain motor
control

Innervates smooth
muscle, cardiac
muscle and glands
either stimulates or
inhibits

142 (d)
There are two types of polar bodies found in
oogenesis in meiosis-I the first polar body is
formed and in meiosis-II the 2nd type of polar
body is formed. Meiosis-I takes place before birth
and meiosis-II after birth of female
143 (a)
B to C represents primary and tertiary follicles
respectively.
Ovary is internally differentiated into four parts,
i.e., outer germinal epithelium of cubical cells, a
delicate sheath of connective tissue or tunica
albuginea, a cortex of dense connective tissue with
reticular fibres, spindle-shaped cells, ovarian
follicles and a few blood vessels while the central
part of medulla is made of less dense connective
tissue with elastic fibres, smooth muscles, a
number of blood vessels and a few nerves.
Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in
mother’s oviduct after the sperm entry into it for
fertilization. 2° oocyte stops advancing further
after the completion of metaphase-II. Sperm entry
restart the cell cycle by breaking down MPF
(Maturation Promoting Factor) and truning on
APF (Anaphase Promoting Factor)
144 (c)
According to endocrine theory, the level of human
growth hormone (hGH) declines to about half of
adults with passage of time.
145 (b)
A-Ectoderm, B-Mesoderm, C-Endoderm
146 (b)
Luteal phase last for 15-28 days
Menstrual cycle
Phases Days Events
Menstrual
phase
1-5 Endometrium
breaks down,
menstruation
begins. The cells of
endometrium,
secretions, blood
and the
unfertilized ovum
constitute the
menstrual flow.
Progesterone and
LH production is
reduced
Follicular
phase
(proliferative
phase)
6-13 Endometrium
rebuilds, FSH
secretion and
oestrogen’s
secretion increase
Ovulatory
phase
14 Both LH and FSH
attain a peak level.
Concentration of
oestrogen in the
blood is also high
and reaches its
peak, Ovulation
occurs
Luteal phase
(secretory
phase)
15
28
Corpus luteum
secretes
progesterone.
Endometrium
thickens and
uterine glands
become secretory

147 (a)
Saheli is the oral contraceptive contained
oestrogen and progesterone
148 (b)
In diagram event labelled ‘A’ clearly indicates the
releasing of ova. This takes place in menstrual
cycle called ovulation
149 (b)
Vas deferens is large duct that arises from cauda
epididymis and reach up to seminal vesicles.
150 (b)
A-Chorionic villi; B-Uterine tissue
151 (b)
Ovulation takes place in the menses between 14
16 days.
Menstrual cycle
Phases Days Events
Menstrual
phase
1-5 Endometrium
breaks down,
menstruation
begins. The cells of
endometrium,
secretions, blood
and the
unfertilized ovum
constitute the
menstrual flow.

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Progesterone and
LH production is
reduced
Follicular
phase
(proliferative
phase)
6-13 Endometrium
rebuilds, FSH
secretion and
oestrogen’s
secretion increase
Ovulatory
phase
14 Both LH and FSH
attain a peak level.
Concentration of
oestrogen in the
blood is also high
and reaches its
peak, Ovulation
occurs
Luteal phase
(secretory
phase)
15
28
Corpus luteum
secretes
progesterone.
Endometrium
thickens and
uterine glands
become secretory

152 (c)
In mammals, the primary male sex organs, testes
are located in the extra-abdominal scrotal sacs.
Scrotum maintains a low temperature of 2−4℃
below the temperature of abdominal cavity. As
higher abdominal temperature kills the
spermatogenic tissue So, testes in mammals are
contained scrotal sacs present outside the
abdominal cavity to have the low temperature
that is needed for the formation and maturation
of functional sperms.
153 (c)
Two major entities of testes are seminiferous
tubules and Leydig cells (or interstitial cells).
Sertoli cells and spermatozoa are contained in
seminiferous tubules only. Rest of the portion of
testis is covered by connective tissue
154 (a)
Oviducts are also called Fallopian tubes. These
(two) terms are used interchangeability
155 (a)
Seminal plasma is composed of the fluid and
sperms from the vas deferens (about10% of the
total), fluid from the seminal vesicles (almost
60%), fluid from the prostate gland (about 30%)
and small amount of mucous gland secretions,
especially the bulbourethral glands secretions. It
contains calcium, citrate ion, phosphate ion a
clotting enzyme, profibrinolysin, fructose, citrate,
inositol, prostaglandins, several proteins, etc.
156 (d)
A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary
spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E
Spermatids, F- Sertoli cell.
Wall of each seminiferous tubules is formed of
single layered germinal epithelium. Majority of
cells in this epithelium are cuboidal called male
germ cells (also called spermatogonia). At certain
places there present tall Sertoli or substentacular
cells, which functions as nurse cells for
differentiating spermatozoa

157 (a)
Frog is in amphibian, which possesses telolecithal
eggs. In telolecithal eggs, the amount of yolk is
concentrated in the one half of the egg to form the
vegetative pole of the egg and thus makes polarity
along the axis of yolk distriution.
158 (b)
During luteal phase of menstrual cycle, corpus
luteum begins to secrete hormone called
progesterone. The latter reaches its peak about
22nd day after the beinning of cycle. In this phase
uterus linning thickens further and becomes
secretory. This stages is meant for receiving the
fertilized ovum (implantation)
159 (a)
Ectoderm.
Fate of three germ layers
Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system,
muscles, bones (except facial)
Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs,
kidney ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid
tonsils
Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens
and cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal
cord, facial bones skeletal muscles in the head
160 (a)
Testes.
Differences between primary and secondary sex
organs

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Primary sex
organs
Secondary sex
organs
They produce
gametes.

They secrete sex
hormones.
Testes in males
and ovaries in
female are
examples of
primary sex
organs.
They do not
produce gametes.
They are concerned
with the conduction
of gametes.
They do not secrete
sex hormones.
Epididymis, vasa
deferentia, penis,
etc., are secondary
sex organs in male
and oviducts,
uterus, etc., are
examples of
secondary sex
organs in female.

161 (b)
The signals for parturition originates from the
fully developed foetus and the placenta, which
induce mild uterine contraception called foetal
ejection reflex.
162 (d)
One time of ejaculation contains about 200 to 300
million sperms. If the sperm become less than 20
million then, it causes infertility
163 (c)
The duration of pregnancy in human being is
about 9 month ±7 days, which is called gestation
period. Infact, the gestation period is the time
from conception till birth
164 (a)
During growth phase of oogenesis, an egg nest
forms ovarian follicle (Graafin follicle), one
central oogonium grows and functions as primary
oocyte. The others from the covering follicular
cells. The later provide nourishment to primary
oocyte. Yolk is deposited in this state. This
phenomenon is called vitellogenesis.
165 (b)
Corpus luteum is a yelloow glandular mass in the
ovary formed by the cells of ovarian follicle that
has matured and discharged its ovum.
166 (c)
3rd month.
Summary of important development changes in
the human embryo
Time from
Fertilisation
Organ Formed
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
starts about 24 hours
after fertilisation
cleavage to form a
blastocyst 4-5 days
after fertilisation.
More than 100 cells
implantataion 6-9
days after fertilisation
Week 2 The three primary
germ layers
(ectoderm, endoderm
and mesoderm)
develop
Week 3 Woman will not have
a period. This may be
the first sign that she
is pregnant. Beginning
of the backbone.
Neural tube develops,
the beginning of the
brain and spinal cord
(first organs)
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
blood and gut start
forming. Umbilical
cord developing
Week 5 Brain developing,
‘Limb buds’, small
swelling which are
the beginning of the
arms and legs. Heart
is a large tube and
starts to beat,
pumping blood. This
can be seen an
ultrasound scan
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
form
Week 7 All major internal
organs developing.
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
with all organs,
muscles, bones toes
and fingers. Sex
organs well
developed. Foetus is
moving
Week 20 Hair beginning to
grow including
eyebrows and
eyelashes.
Fingerprints
developed.

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Fingernails and
toenails growing.
Firm hand grip.
Between 16 and 20
weeks baby usually
felt moving for first
time
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
limit of abortion in
most circumstances
By Week 26 Has a good chance of
survival if born
prematurely
By Week 28 Baby moving
vigorously. Responds
to touch and loud
noises. Swallowing
amniotic fluid and
urinating
By Week 30 Usually lying head
down ready for birth
40 Weeks Birth

167 (c)
Golgi body.
Acrosome is the part of sperm, which is found at
the head region. It is the modified Golgi body that
contain many enzymes for the penetration to
ovum.
Acrosome contains hyaluronidase proteolytic
enzymes, which is popularly known as sperm
lysin as it is used to penetrate egg (ovum) at the
time of fertilisaton
168 (a)
Frog’s egg is spherical and about 1.6 mm in
diameter with a convering of vitelline memrane
and three concentric layers of albuminous jelly.
The roughly one half blackish brown animal
hemisphere containing most of the cytoplasm and
large nucleus is uppermost, whereas the whitish
vegetal hemisphere is lowermost.
An unfertilized ripe egg of frog is shown in the
diagram below.

169 (b)
The acrosome of sperm contains large quantities
of proteolytic enzymes, particularly
hyaluronidase, which digests the hyaluronic acid,
a constituent of the extracellular matrix. It allows
the sperm to digest a path through the zona
pellucida to the oocyte.
170 (d)
Foetal haemoglobin does not sickle even in those
destined to have sickle cel anaemia, i.e.,
haemoglobin of foetus has a higher affinity of
oxygen than that of an adult.
171 (b)
Structure B in the diagram indicates the ova,
which is in meiosis-I stage. Before birth all ova
have this stage
172 (a)
Cleavage in human is simple holoblastic slow and
synchronous. Cleavage in mammals ovum takes
place during its passage through the fallopian
tube to the uterus. The resultant cells of cleavage
are called blastomeres.
173 (b)
The chromatin material inside the nucleus is
composed of DNA, some proteins and RNA. Thus,
in an enucleated ovum, DNA will be present in
mitochondria.
The mature RBCs, lack nucleus and membrane
bound cell organelles, i.e., lack DNA in nucleus and
mitochondria.
174 (b)
Parthenogenesis refers to the development of
unfertilized ovum into a new individual. In honey
bee, drones develop parthenogenetically.
175 (a)
Stem cells are the specialized cell which can
transform or differentiated into any kind of cells
176 (c)
Sperm entry stimulates the secondary oocyte to
complete the suspended second meiotic division.
This produces a haploid mature ovum and a
second polar body. The head of the sperm which
contains the nucleus separates from the middle
piece and tail and becomes male pronucleus. The
second polar body and the sperm tail degenerates.
The nucleus of the ovum is now called female
pronucleus. The male and female pronucleus
move towards each other. Their nuclear
membrane disintegrates; mixing up of the
chromosome of a sperm and an ovum is called
karyogamy or amphimixis. The fertilized ovum

Page| 68

(egg) is now called zygote

177 (a)
Hyaluronidase enzyme assists in acrosomal
reaction. This enzyme acts on the ground
substances of follicle cells
178 (b)
Leydig’s cells or interstitial cells lie between the
seminiferous tubules and secrete the male
hormone, testosterone that controls
spermatogenesis.
179 (c)
Protective Coverings (tunicae) of Testis Testis is
surrounded by three coverings (layers)
(i) Tunica Vaginalis It is the outer covering of the
testis
(ii) Tunica Albuginea It is the fibrous covering
surrounding the testis, situated under tunica
vaginalis
(iii) Tunica Vasculosa Consist of network of
capillaries supported by delicate connective
tissue which lines the tunica albuginea.

180 (d)
Sertoli cells present in the mammalian testis,
nourishes the sperms. That’s why Sertoli cells are
also called nurse cells. These cells also produces
the inhibin hormone which halts spermatogenesis
181 (c)
Progesterone hormone is the main hormone,
which maintains the endometrium wall.
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
undergoes degeneration and this causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation
182 (c)
The target of Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
(ICSH) is the interstitial cell. Interstitial cells
produces testosterone which is responsible for
the development of secondary sexual characters
183 (d)
Oestrogen hormone is screted by growing ovarian
follicles during menstrual cycle. It provokes a
thickening of the endometrium (proliferative
phase or menstrual cycle).
184 (c)
Seminal vesicles secrete and alkaline, nutritive,
spermatozoa activating fluid called seminal fluid
which forms about 60% part of semen. This fluid
contains various substances like fructose, citrate,
inositol, prostaglandins and several proteins.
Sperms use fructose as an energy source
(respiratory substrate).
185 (c)
Teratogens, which produces abnormality in the
developing embryo.
Thalidomide is a drug which causes no or
underdevelopment of the limbs (phoeomelia)
186 (b)
Human cell contain 46 chromosomes including 44
autosomes. Primary spermatocyte contain 2𝑛

Page| 69

number of chromosome i.e., the number of
autosomes, will be 44.
187 (b)
Seminal vesicles are present at the base of
bladder and joins to the ejaculatory duct. They
produces alkaline secretion, which forms 60% of
the semen. Their secretion contains, fructose,
prostaglandin and clotting factor
188 (b)
The part of the Fallopian tubes (oviducts) closer
to the ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum.
The edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like
projections called fimbriae, which help in
collection of the ovum after ovulation
189 (a)
Saheli is a new oral contraceptive for the females.
It contains a non-steroidal preparation. It is once
a weeks’ pill with very low side effects and high
contraceptive value.
190 (b)
Sertoli cells.
Sertoli cells present in the mammalian testis,
nourishes the sperms. That’s why Sertoli cells are
also called nurse cells. These cells also produces
the inhibin hormone which halts spermatogenesis
191 (c)
A-Vas deferens, B-Seminal vesicle, C-Prostate
gland, D-Bulbourethral gland.

External genitalia of humans is called penis. Its
outer skin, which covers the forehead of penis
called foreskin or prepuce. It is the single opening
for semen and urine in males
192 (c)
A- Isthums, B- Ampulla, C-Infundibulum, D
Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus

193 (a)
In the given options, only labia minora belongs to
the external genitalia of females
194 (b)
Development of corpus luteum is done by
progesterone and LH not by FSH. Progesterone
and LH are secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary
195 (c)
Ejaculatory Ducts The ejaculatory ducts are the
two short tubes each formed by the union of ducts
from seminal vesicle and vas deferens. They pass
through the prostate gland and join the prostatic
part of the urethra. The ejaculatory ducts are
composed of the fibrous, muscular and columnar
epithelial tissue. Ejaculatory ducts carry sperms
and secretion of seminal vesicles
196 (a)
Zygote is implanted in human female at 32-celled
stage because fertilized egg in human are not
divide beyond 32-celled stage in natural zygote.
197 (a)
Notochord, connective tissues including loose
areolar tissue, ligaments, tendons, dermis of skin,
specialized connective tissue like adipose tissue,
reticular tissue, cartilage and bones are
mesodermal in origin.
198 (a)
Chorionic villi is the modification of outer
trophoblast layer of blastocyst, which get attached
to the endometrium of uterus. This is called
implantation
199 (c)
Sperm entry stimulates the secondary oocyte to
complete the suspended second meiotic division.
This produces a haploid mature ovum and a
second polar body. The head of the sperm which
contains the nucleus separates from the middle
piece and tail and becomes male pronucleus. The
second polar body and the sperm tail degenerates.
The nucleus of the ovum is now called female
pronucleus. The male and female pronucleus
move towards each other. Their nuclear
membrane disintegrates; mixing up of the
chromosome of a sperm and an ovum is called
karyogamy or amphimixis. The fertilized ovum
(egg) is now called zygote
200 (b)
A-GnRH, B-Hypothalamus, C-Anterior, D-LH, E
FSH

FSH also stimulates the formation of oestrogens.
LH stimulates the corpus lutem to secretes
progesterone. Rising level of progesterone
inhibits the release of GnRH, which, in turn,
inhibits the production of FSH, LH and
progesterone

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