NEET MCQs Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

NEET MCQs Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Parthenocarpic fruit
a) Develops from fertilization b) Developed from fertilized ovary
c) Develops from unfertilized ovary d) Develops from ovules
Seed is
a) Ripened ovule
b) Plant part having two generation
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Miniture plant
Find out the correct statement
a) Parthenocarpic fruits are seedless
b) Parthenocarpy is developed by hormones
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Parthenocarpic seeds are developed by fertilized ovary
Vegetative fertilization leading to the formation of endosperm refers to
a) Fusion of male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus
b) Fusion of female gamete with diploid secondary nucleus
c) Fusion of two diploid vegetative cells
d) Fusion of two male gametes
Which of the following is the result of double fertilization?
a) Cotyledon b) Nucellus c) Endosperm d) None of these
Perisprem is found in
a) Black pepper b) apple c) Beet d) Both (a) and (c)
The ‘eyes’ of the potato tuber are
a) Flower buds b) Shoot buds c) Axillary buds d) Root buds
True fruit is directly derived from
a) Stem b) Root c) Ovule d) None of the above
Intine is made up of
a) Cellulose b) Pectin c) Both (a) and (b) d) Protein
The arrangement of the nuclei in a normal embryo sac in the dicot plants, is
a) 2+4+2 b) 3+2+3 c) 2+3+3 d) 3+3+2
Pericarp is
a) Wall of ovary b) Wall of fruit c) Both (a) and (b) d) wall of embryo
The function innermost layer of pollen sac, tapetum is
a) Dehiscence b) Nutritive c) Mechanical d) Protective
Diagram showing entry of pollen tube to the embryo sac. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐺 in the diagram

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a) A-Synergid, B-Filiform apparatus, C-Male gamete, D-Plasma membrane, E-Central cell, F-Egg nucleus, G
Vegetative nucleus
b) A- Filiform apparatus, B- Central cell, C- Egg nucleus, D- Vegetative nucleus, E- Male gamete, F-
Synergid, G- Plasma membrane
c) A- Plasma membrane, B- Synergid , C- Filiform apparatus, D- Male gamete, E- Vegetative nucleus, F-
Central cell, G-Egg nucleus
d) A- Central cell, B- Egg nucleus, C- Vegetative nucleus, D- Male gamete, E- Synergid, F-Plasma
membrane

The movement of pollen tube is called
a) Chemotropism b) Thermotaxis c) Thermonastic d) Hydrotropism
Which of the following statements is wrong?
a) Pollen grains remain viable for several months because their outer covering is made of sporopollenin
b) No enzyme can degrade sporopollenin
c) Pollen grains are well represented in fossil strata due to sporopollenin
d) Pollen wall has cavities containing proteins
Triple fusion in angiosperm is the fusion of second sperm with
a) Antipodal cell and one synergid cell b) Two antipodal cells
c) Two synergid cells d) Two polar nuclei
Identify 𝐴 and 𝐵 in diagram given below: a) A-Stamen; B-Pistil b) A-Filament; B-Anther
c) A-Anther; B-Filament d) A-Pistil, B-Stamen
‘Mircrospores arranged in a cluster of four cells called megaspore tetrad’.
The above statement is
a) True b) False
c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Insect pollinated flowers are
a) Nector producing b) Colourful c) Fragnance producing d) All of these
The fusion of male and female pronuclei of the gametes is called
a) Fertilization b) Conjugation c) Amphimixis d) Panmixis
This diagram given below depicts

Page 3|NEET BIOLOGY| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

a) Wind pollinated plant b) Well exposed stamen
c) Compact inflorescence d) All of these

A scion is grafted to a stock. The quality of fruits produced will be determined by the genotype of
a) Stock b) Scion c) Both (a) and (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b)
When pollen is transferred from anther of a flower to stigma of the another of the another flower of the
same plant, it is referred to as
a) Allogamy b) Xenogamy c) Geitonogamy d) Autogamy
False fruit is a fruit in which
a) Only ovary take part in fruit development
b) Only embryo take part an fruit development
c) Only chalazal cells take part an fruit development
d) Ovary and other floral part included in fruit
Synergid’s filiform apparatus
a) Guide the pollen tube
b) Guide the style for development
c) Present near the micropylar end
d) Both (a) and (c)
Double fertilization occurs among
a) Algae b) Bryophytes c) Angiosperms d) Gymnosperms
Scutellum is
a) Cotyledon in dicots b) Cotyledon in gymnosperm
c) Monocot root d) Cotyledon in grass family
Sporopollenin is chemically
a) Homopolysaccharide b) Fatty substance
c) Protein d) Heteropolysaccharide
Which one of the following is not a correct explanation of cross-pollination?
a) The pollen grains are transferred from one flower to another flower situated on the same plant
b) The pollen grains are transferred from one flower to another flower, of another plant the same species
c) The pollen grains of male flower are transferred to the stigma of the female flower
d) The pollen grains of the flower are transferred to the stigma of the same flower
How many cells are found in female gametophyte?
a) 6 b) 8 c) 7 d) 5
Identify the wrong statements regarding post-fertilization development.
a) The ovary wall develops into pericarp
b) The outer integument of ovule develops into tegmen
c) The fusion nucleus (triple nucleus) develops into endosperm
d) The ovule develops into seed
Two nuclei with one cell are found in
a) Antipodal cell b) Chalazal cell c) Central cell d) Synergid cell

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8-nucleated embryo sac are
a) Monosporic b) Bisporic c) Tetrasporic d) Any of these
Microspore develops into ova. This sentence is
a) True b) False
c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Identify 𝐴 to 𝐸 in the following diagram a) A-Style, B-Stigma, C-Ovules, D-Thalamus, E-Ovary
b) A- Ovary, B- Thalamus, C- Ovules, D- Style, E- Stigma
c) A- Thalamus, B- Style, C- Stigma, D- Ovary, E- Ovules
d) A- Stigma, B- Style, C- Ovules, D- Ovary, E- Thalamus
During the formation of embryo sac, the functional megaspore undergoes
a) Two mitotic divisions b) Two meiotic divisions
c) Three meiotic divisions d) Three mitotic divisions
What would be the number of chromosomes in the cells of the aleurone layer in a plant species with 8
chromosomes in its synergids?
a) 16 b) 24 c) 32 d) 8
In a type of apomixes known as adventive embryony, embryos develop directly from the
a) Nucellus or integuments b) Synergids or antipodals in an embryo sac
c) Accessory embryo sacs in the ovule d) Zygote
Name the parts A, B, C, D and E in the given diagram. a) A – Germ pore B – Generative cell
C – Intine D – Exine
E – Vegetation cell
b) A – Germ pore B – Generative cell
C – Exine D – Intine
E – Vegetation cell
c) A – Intine B –Exine
C – Germ pore D – Generative cell
E – Vegetation cell
d) A – exine B –Intine
C – vegetation cell D –Germ pore
E-Generative cell
Male gametes wheather 2 celled or 3-celled are identical in genetic make up because
a) Of mitosis b) Of meiosis c) Of amitosis d) Binary fission

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Apomixis arises due to
a) Rapid reproduction in plants b) Slow reproduction in plants
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
Endosperm is consumed by developing embryo in the seed of
a) Pea b) Maize c) Coconut d) Castor
Haploid plants derived from microspore culture are preferred over diploids for mutation studies, because
in haploids
a) Recessive mutations express immediately b) Mutations are readily induced
c) Haploid cells can be easily cultured d) Dominant mutations express immediately
Which of the following indicates correct names of A, B, C and D regions of the given diagram? a) A– Male gamete B – Antipodals
C – Egg cell D – Pollen tube
b) A –synergids B – Secondary nucleus
C – Egg apparatus D – Integuments
c) A – Antipodals B – Male gametes
C – Zygote D – Micropyle
d) A – Secondary nucleus B – Synergids
C – Egg cell D – Integuments
Give the of name the cell division type at 𝐴,𝐵,𝐶 and 𝐷 a) A-Meiosis-I, B-Mitosis, C-Mitosis, D-Meiosis
b) A- Meiosis-I, B- Meiosis-II, C-No division, D- Mitosis
c) A- Mitosis, B-No division, C- Meiosis-II, D- Meiosis-I
d) A- Mitosis, B- Mitosis, C- Meiosis-I, D- Meiosis-I
The number of female nuclei involved in double fertilization is
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 1
A micropyle is a
a) Small pore through which water enters
b) Small aperture where no integuments are present
c) Small pore needed for seed existence
d) All of the above
PEC (Primary Endosperm Cell) is formed
a) After triple fusion b) Before triple fusion
c) At the time of syngamy d) Always persisted
In ovule protective covering (integuments) are generally …….. in number
a) 3 b) 2 c) 4 d) 1
These processes are necessary for the complete development of male gametophyte from pollen mother
cell.
a) One meiotic and two mitotic division
b) One meiotic cell division and one mitotic cell division
c) two meiotic cell division and one mitotic cell division

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d) two meiotic cell division

Find out the ploidy nature of 𝐴,𝐵,𝐷,𝐸 in previous question
a) 1𝑛,2𝑛,3𝑛,4𝑛 b) 𝑛,2𝑛,3𝑛,𝑛 c) 1𝑛,3𝑛,4𝑛,2𝑛 d) 2𝑛,3𝑛,1𝑛,4𝑛
Identify the correct modes of entry of pollen tube in the diagrams given below a) A-Mesogamy, B-Chalazogamy, C-Porogamy
b) A-Chalazogamy, B-Porogamy, C-Mesogamy
c) A-Porogamy, B-Chalazogamy, C-Monogamy
d) A-Porogamy, B-Mesogamy, C-Chalazogamy
In previous question name out I, II and III
a) I-Radicle, II-Suspensor, III-Cotyledon
b) I- Suspensor, II- Radicle, III- Cotyledon
c) I- Cotyledon II- Radicle, III- Suspensor
d) I- Suspensor, II- Cotyledon, III- Radicle
Majority of plants are
a) Biotic agent for pollination b) Non- biotic agent for pollination
c) Air for pollination d) Animals for pollination
The diagram depicts a) Water pollination in 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 (tape-grass) b) Air pollination in 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 (tape-grass)
c) Anemophily in 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 (tape-grass) d) Zoophily in 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 (tape-grass)
Individual part or segment of calyx is called
a) Sepal b) Petal c) Tepal d) Corolla
Pollination by insect is
a) Entomophily b) Chiropterophily c) Anemophily d) Zoophily
Sexual reproduction leads to
a) Genetic recombination b) Polyploidy
c) Aneuploidy d) euploidy
A bisexual flower which never open, is known as

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a) Autogamous b) Cleistogamous c) Homogamous d) Allogamous

Fruit and seed develops
a) Simultaneously b) First seed than fruit
c) First fruit than seed d) Both develops after endosperm formation
Characteristics of wind pollinated pollens is, they are
a) Non-sticky b) Light
c) Large number in production d) All of these
In chasmogamy pollination takes place in
a) Open flower b) Closed flower c) Large flower d) Geitonogamy flower
Which is most crucial for seed storage?
a) Dehydration and dormancy b) Endosperm and water
c) Least amount of development d) Endosperm in large quantity
Entry of pollen tube with two male gametes and tube nucleus through micropyle, is
a) Mesogamy b) Porogamy c) Chalazogamy d) None of these
Syngamy is the process in which
a) Male gamete fuses with female gamete
b) Pollen tube enter into the ovule through micropyle
c) Pollen tube enter into the ovule through chalaza
d) Vegetative cell and tube cell fuse
Pollen grains of different plants, differ in
a) Size and shape only b) Colour and design only
c) Size, shape and design only d) Size, shape, colour and design
Which one of the following is a reference to xenogamy ?
a) Ripening of androecium earlier to gynoecium
b) Pollen grains of one flower reaching the stigma of another flower present on the same plant
c) Pollen grains of one flower reaching the stigma of another flower present on a different plant of the
same species
d) The inability of pollen tube to terminate on the stigma of the same flower
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 and 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎 considered to represent a significant step towards evolution of seed habit
because
a) Female gametophyte is free and gets dispersed
like seed
b) Female gametophyte lacks archegonia
c) Megaspore possess endosperm and embryo
surrounded by seed coat
d) Embryo develops in female gametophyte which is
retained on the parent sporophyte
Zygote is always
a) Haploid b) Diploid c) Triploid d) Tetraploid
Occurrence of more than four spores from a spore mother cell is called
a) Polysiphony b) Polyspermy c) Polyspory d) Polyembryony
Identify 𝐴 to 𝐹 in the diagram a) A-Egg, B-Filiform apparatus, C-Synergid, D-Antipodal cell, E-Polar nuclei, F-Central cell
b) A-Egg, B-Synergid, C-Filiform apparatus, D-Antipodal cell, E-Central cell, F-Polar nuclei

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c) A-Central cell, B-Egg, C-Synergid, D-Antipodal cell, E-Filiform apparatus, F-Polar nuclei
d) A-Filiform apparatus, B-Synergid, C-Egg, D-Central cell, E-Polar nuclei, F-Antipodal cell

Identify the type of ovary in diagram a) Multicarpellary apocarpous b) Multicarpellary syncarpous
c) Multicarpellary pistillate d) Monocarpellary apocarpous
Type of pollination in commelina is
a) Chasmogamy b) Geitonogamy c) Xenogamy d) Cleistogamy
Pollens have two prominent walls which are … A … and … B …. Here 𝐴 and 𝐵 refers to
a) A-Intine B-Protein coat b) A-Exine B-Intine
c) A-Sporopollenin B-Intine d) A-Sporopollenin B-Exine
If there are four cells in a anther, what will be the number of pollen grains?
a) 4 b) 9 c) 12 d) 16
Xenogamy or cross-pollination is performed by
I. Abiotic agencies
II. Biotic agencies
III. Insects only
Select the correct option for the given question
a) I and III b) II and III c) Only III d) I and II
In wind pollination the pollens are feathery, whether it is
a) True b) False
c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Identify the characters with reference to the plant in which eight nucleated embryo sac was first studied
by strasburger.
I – Micropyle, chalaza and funiculus are arranged in the same vertical line
In the ovule.
II – presence of both unisexual and bisexual flowers in the same plant.
III – Filiform apparatus helps in conduction of food materials from
Endosperm to egg apparatus.
IV – Long funiculus coils like a watch spring around the ovule.
a) I and IV b) II and III c) I and II d) III and IV
Devices for self-pollination are
a) Dicliny or unicexuality b) Dichogamy
c) Heterostyly d) None of these
Chalazal pole is present
a) Opposite to micropyle b) At the origin of integuments
c) Opposite to nucellus d) Near the embryo sac
Vegetative fertilization is also called
a) Triple fusion b) True fertilization
c) Syngamy d) Generative fertilization
Vegetative/Asexual reproduction and apomixis are common in
a) Type of cell division b) Clone nature of offsprings
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Only in dicot plant
Xenia refers to

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a) Effect of pollen on endosperm b) Effect of embryo on sperm
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above

Below diagram depicts a) Entomochily b) Wind pollination c) Myrmecophily d) Ornithophily
Long silky hairs on cob of maize are
a) Anthers b) Style c) Stigma d) Both (b) and (c)
The endosperm in angiosperm develops from
a) Zygote b) Secondary nucleus
c) Chalazal polar nucleus d) Micropylar polar nucleus
What is pollen grain?
a) Microspore mother cell b) Male gamete
c) Male gametophyte d) Partially developed embryo
Type of cell division takes place in apomixes is
a) Reductional b) Meiosis c) Both (a) and (b) d) Mitosis
Out of the following choose the post-fertilisation events
a) Endospermeogenesis b) Embryogenesis c) Both (a) and (b) d) Organogenesis
Apomixis is like
a) Sexual reproduction b) Fertilization
c) Parthenogenesis d) Asexual reproduction
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 or carrot grass is imported with
a) Wheat b) Grass c) Rise d) Maize
Pollination by snail and slug is called
a) Ornithophily b) Chiropterophily c) Entomophily d) Malacophily
Some plant have a habit of harbouring ants to save the plants from damage by other animals which is
known as
a) Entomophily b) Myrmecophily c) Anemophily d) Hydrophily
The wall of pollen tube is made of
a) Cellulose b) Pectin c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
One advantage of cleistogamy is
a) It leads to greater genetic diversity
b) Seed dispersal is more efficient and widespread
c) Seed set is not dependent on pollinators
d) Each visit of a pollinator results in transfer of hundreds of pollen grains
Double fertilization involves
a) Fertilization of the egg by two male gametes
b) Fertilization of the egg in the same embryo sac by two sperms brought by one pollen tube
c) Fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by different pollen tubes

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d) Fertilization of the egg and the central cell by two sperms brought by the same pollen tube

Flower is a
a) Modified male plant only b) Modified female plant only
c) Modified reproductive shoot d) Vegetative shoot system
Cleistogamous flowers are trictly autogamous because they remain
a) Always open
b) Always close
c) Always fragrance
d) Are brighty coloured
Wind pollinated flowers often have
a) Single ovule in each ovary b) Numerous flowers packed into inflorescence
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
Continued self-pollination results in
a) Inbreeding depression b) Out breeding depression
c) Hybrid vigour d) Better result in offsprings
Wind pollinated flowers are
a) Small, brightly coloured, producing large number of pollen grains
b) Small, producing large number of dry pollen grains
c) Large producing abundant nectar and pollen
d) Small, producing nectar and dry pollen
Wind pollination is common in
a) Lilies b) Grasses c) Orchids d) Legumes
‘Cells at the chalazal end are called synergid cells’. The above statement is
a) True b) False
c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Orthotropous ovule belongs to
a) Urtica b) Polygonum c) Peperomea d) All of these
Center of each microsporangium is occupied by
a) Sporogenous tissue
b) Spongious tissue
c) Central tissue
d) Microspore mother cell
Which of the following plant products is the hardest?
a) Lignin b) Cutin c) Suberin d) Sporopollenin
Functional megaspore develops into …A… also called …B…
A and B in the above sentence is
a) A-Female gametophyte; B-Embryo sac b) A-Embryo sac; B-Female gametophyte
c) A-Endosperm; B-Nucellus d) A-Microsporangium; B-Megasporangium
Syngamy and triple fusion is called …A… . The central cell becomes …B… develops into …C… and zygote
develops into …D…
A, B, C, D in the above statement are
a) A-Fusion, B-haploid, C-diploid cell, D-embryo
b) A-double fertilization, B-PEN, C-endosperm, D-embryo
c) A-embryo, B-endosperm, C-PEN, D-diploid cell
d) A-PEN, B-endosperm, C-syngamy, D-fertilisation
Dicot embryo consists of
a) Radicle and plumule
b) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and sometimes endosperm
c) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and tegmen
d) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and tegmen and testa

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First three layers of microsporangium which does the function of protection are
a) Epidermis, endothecium, middle layer b) Epidermis, mesocarp, endocarp
c) Epidermis, middle layer, endothecium d) Epidermis, endocarp, mesocarp
Nucellar polyembryony is reported in species of
a) Gossypium b) Triticum c) Brassica d) Citrus
Nucellus forms which of the following parts of fruit?
a) Seed coat b) Perisperm c) Seed d) Raphe
Mesogamy is
a) Fusion of male and female gametes
b) Fusion of physiologically similar and morphologically different gametes
c) Entry of pollen tube through integuments
d) None of the above
Identify the correct statement.
a) Because of marked climatic variations, plants growing near the sea shore do not produce annual rings
b) The age of the plant can be determined by its height
c) Healing of damaged tissue is because of the activity of sclerenchyma cells
d) Grafting is difficult in monocot plants as they have scattered vascular bundles
Which of the following perform microsporogenesis?
a) Microspore mother cell b) Pollen mother cell
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
Tapetum is found in
a) Anther b) Microspore c) Male gametophyte d) Female gametophyte
Double fertilization was discovered by
a) Nawaschin b) Strasburger c) Emerson d) None of these
Microsporangium produces
a) Male gametes b) Female gametes c) Pollen d) Both (a) and (c)
Grafting is successful in dicots but not in monocots because the dicots have
a) Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
b) Cambium for secondary growth
c) Vessels with element arranged end to end
d) Cork cambium
Megaspore mother cell is found near the region of
a) Micropyle b) Chalaza c) Nucellus d) Integuments
Ovule integument gets transformed into
a) Seed b) Fruit wall c) Seed coat d) Cotyledons
Triple fusion in angiosperm is the fusion of second sperm with
a) Antipodal cell and one synergid cell b) Two antipodal cells
c) Two synergid cells d) Two polar nuclei
Which one of the following pairs of plants structures has haploid number of chromosomes?
a) Megaspore mother cell and antipodal cells b) Egg cell and antipodal cells
c) Nucellus and antipodal cells d) Egg nucleus and secondary nucleus
Self-incompatibility is a device for
I. Ensuring cross-pollination
II. Preventing self-pollination
III. Ensuring self-fertilisation
IV. Genetic control for self-fertilisation
Choose the correct statements from those given above
a) I, II and III b) I, II, III and IV c) I, III and IV d) I, II and IV
How many number of nuclei are involved in fertilization?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5

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Ovules contain many embryo in
a) Citrus b) Orange c) Mango d) All of these
Maximum viability of rice and wheat is
a) 60 min b) 50 min c) 40 min d) 30 min
Find out 𝐴,𝐵 and 𝐶 in the flow chart given below a) A-Female gamete, B-Male gamete, C-Endosperm
b) A- Endosperm, B- Female gamete, C- Male gamete
c) A- Female gamete, B-Polar nuclei, C- Endosperm
d) A- Female gamete, B- Endosperm C-Male gamete
For a gene if AA = male plant, BB = female plant. Find out the genotype of endosperm and embryo
a) AAB, BBA b) AAB, AB c) ABB, AB d) BBA, AAB
In the given diagram, parts labelled as A, B, C, D, E and F are respectively identified as a) Synergids, polar nuclei, central cell, filiform apparatus and egg
b) Polar nuclei, egg, antipodals, central cell, filiform apparatus and polar nucei
c) Egg, synergids, central cell, filiform apparatus, antipodals and polar nuclei
d) Central cell, polar nuclei filiform apparatus, antipodals, synergids and egg
Micropyle helps in
a) Germination of pollen grain b) Growth of pollen tube
c) Coming out of pollen tube from pollen grain d) Allowing entry of pollen tube
The ovary after fertilization is converted into
a) Embryo b) Endosperm c) Fruit d) Seed
Which of these is not essential for allogamy?
a) Self-sterility b) Dichogamy c) Heterogamy d) None of these
Identify 𝐴 to 𝐸 in the following diagram a) A-Tapetum, B-Microspore mother cell, C-Middle layer, D-Endothecium, E-Epidermis
b) A- Epidermis, B- Middle layer, C- Microspore mother cell, D- Tapetum, E- Endothecium
c) A- Middle layer, B- Epidermis, C- Tapetum, D- Microspore mother cell, E- Endothecium
d) A- Epidermis, B- Endothecium, C-Middle layer, D- Microspore mother cell, E- Tapetum
‘In coconut the cellular endosperm surrounds the nuclear endosperm’.

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The above statement is
a) True b) False
c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b)

Hermaphrodite flower have
a) Male and female on same plant b) Male and female on same flower
c) Male and female on different flower d) Male and female on difference plant
Unisexuality of flowers prevents
a) Autogamy, but not geitonogamy b) Geitonogamy and xenogamy
c) Geitonogamy, but not xenogamy d) Autogamy and Geitonogamy
Stalk with which ovules attached to the placenta is called
a) Funicle b) Raphe c) Hilum d) Chalaza
Self-pollination means
a) Occurrence o male and female sex organs in the same flower
b) Germination of pollens within the anther
c) Transference of pollens from anther to the stigma within the same flower
d) Transference of pollens from one flower to another on the same plant
Meiotic cell division takes place during
a) Gametogenesis b) Embryogenesis c) Organogenesis d) Parthenogenesis
The outermost layer of maize endosperm is known as
a) Perisperm b) aleurone c) Tapetum d) endothelium
Why sometimes, even diploid offspring is produced through parthenogenesis?
a) When offspring is produced without fertilization of diploid egg cell
b) When offspring is produced through fertilization of diploid egg cell
c) When offspring is produced without fertilization of haploid egg cell
d) When offspring is produced through fertilization of haploid egg cell
The process in which haploid embryo is formed from haploid egg without fertilization is called
a) Apospory b) Agamospermy
c) Apogamy d) Vegetative reproduction
Which of the following floral parts forms pericarp after fertilization?
a) Nucellus b) Outer integument c) Ovary wall d) Inner integument
Tapetal cells are characterized by
a) Mitotic division b) Meiotic division
c) Endomitosis d) Endomitosis as well as endopolyploidy
Pollen grains can cause
a) Bronchial afflications b) Asthma c) Bronchitis d) All of these
Non-albuminous seed
a) Has no reserve food b) Also called exalbuminous
c) Has thin cotyledons d) All of these
Development of an embryo without fertilization Is called as
a) Apomixis b) Polyembryony c) Parthenocarpy d) Parthenogenesis
Non-endospermic seeds are seen in
a) Groundnut b) Pea c) Beans d) All of these
The cylindrical portion below the cotyledons is …A… that terminates to …B… and tip called …C… A, B and C
here refers to
a) A-radicle, B-hypocotyle, C-root cap b) A- root cap, B- radicle, C- hypocotyle
c) A- hypocotyle, B-root cap, C-radicle d) A- hypocotyle, B-radicle , C-root cap
The type of pollination adaptation found in calotropis is
a) Dicliny b) Herkogamy c) Heterostyly d) Dichogamy
Fertilization of egg takes place inside
a) Anther b) Stigma c) Pollen tube d) Embryo sac

Page| 14

In figure find out coleoptile, shoot apex and epiblast a) 𝐴,𝐵 and 𝐶 b) 𝐵,𝐶 and 𝐷 c) 𝐷,𝐹 and 𝐺 d) 𝐸,𝐹 and 𝐺
If the number of chromosomes in egg cell is 8, then what is the number of chromosomes on endosperm?
a) 24 b) 8 c) 16 d) 12
Find out right statement (s)
I. Most common endosperm is of nuclear type
II. Coconut water is male gametophyte
III. Coconut has both nucellar and cellular type of endosperm
a) I, II and III b) I and III c) II and III d) I and II
Number of seeds is equals to the
a) Number of ovules b) Number of ovaries c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
Nuclear polyembryony is reported in
a) 𝐶𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠 b) 𝐺𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑢𝑚 c) 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑚 d) 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎
A normal plant suddenly started reproducing parthenogenetically. The number of chromosomes of the
second generation as compared to the parent will be
a) One half b) One fourth c) Same d) Double
The process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigmatic surface with the help of water is called
a) Anemophily b) Zoophily c) Hydrophily d) Ornithophily
Anemophily is a type of pollination found in
a) Salvia b) Bottle brush c) Vallisneria d) Coconut
If stem has 2𝑛=10 number of chromosomes than find out
A – number of chromosomes in endosperm
B – number of chromosomes in egg cell
C – number of chromosomes in polar nuclei
a) 15, 15, 20 b) 10, 15, 20 c) 15, 5, 10 d) 10, 5, 15
I. Antipodal cell II. Egg cell
III. Synergid cell IV. Polar nuclei
V. Male gamete VI. Nuclear cell
IV. Chalazal cell
Out of the seven names given above, find out haploid cells
a) I, II, IV, V b) II, IV, VI, VII c) I, II, III, V d) II, IV, III, I
There are 10 flowers in one individual plant of crotalaria. In each microsporangium of every stamen of all
the flowers, there are 30 microspore mother cells. How many pollen grains are formed from that plant?
a) 4,000 b) 10,000 c) 24,000 d) 48,000
Apomictic embryos in Citrus arise from
a) Synergids b) Maternal sporophytic tissue in ovule
c) Antipodal cells d) Diploid egg
Chances of pollination in air and water are increased by increasing number of pollens. This statement is

Page| 15

a) True b) False
c) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b)

Micropyle is formed by
a) Absence of integuments
b) Absence of funicle
c) Absence of nucellus
d) Absence of embryo sac
In a flowering plants, megaspore develops into an embryo sac, which contains
a) 4 cells, one of which is an egg b) 6 cells, one of which is an egg
c) 8 cells, one of which is an egg d) None of the above
What does the filiform apparatus do at the entrance into ovule?
a) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into a synergid b) It prevents entry of more than one pollen tube
into the embryo sac
c) It brings about opening of the pollen tube d) It guides pollen tube from a synergid to egg
Function of aleurone layer is to
a) Prepare amylase b) Prepare proteinase c) Prepare peptidase d) Prepare food
Pollination by bats is called
a) Anemophily b) Hydrophily c) Ornithophily d) None of these
Which one of the following is not a device to promote cross-pollination?
a) Cleistogamy b) Heterostyly c) Herkogamy d) Dichogamy
Which cell is bigger and have abundant food reserve material during microsporogenesis?
a) Generative cell b) Vegetative cell c) Vacuole d) Spore mother cell
In artificial hybridization the steps involved are
I. Bagging
II. Emasculation
III. Rebagging
Their right arrangement is
a) I → II → III b) II → I → III c) III → II → I d) II → III → I
In some plants, anthers and stigmas grow and mature at same time. This phenomenon is called
a) Homogamy b) Syngamy c) Allogamy d) Fusion
Double fertilization is fusion of
a) Two eggs
b) Two eggs and polar nuclei
c) One male gamete with egg and other with synergid
d) One male gamete with egg and other with secondary nucleus
How many nuclei are found in female gametophyte?
a) 8 b) 7 c) 6 d) 5
An ovule is a
a) Differentiated megasporangium
b) Dedifferentiated megasporangium
c) Integumented megasporangium
d) Redifferentiated megasporangium
Nuclear endosperm has
a) Every nuclear division followed by wall formation
b) Initially free-nuclear divisions followed by wall formation
c) First division followed by wall formation and other free nuclear
d) None of the above
A typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity, is
a) 4 – nucleate, 2 – celled b) 8 – nucleate, 7 – celled
c) 4 – nucleate, 4 – celled d) 8– nucleate,4 – celled

Page| 16

Device to discourage self-pollination or increase cross-pollination is
a) Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not synchronized
b) Anther and stigma placed at different position
c) Same height of stamen and stigma
d) Both (a) and (b)
Occurrence of more than one embryo is called
a) Polyembryony b) Embryony c) Parthenogenesis d) Fertilization
Grass family (Poaceae) contains
a) Exposed stigma b) Versatile anther c) Both (a) and (b) d) Large pollens
What is the ratio of equational divisions that take place in Cycas and angiosperms respectively leading to
the formation to male gametes from pollen grains?
a) 3: 2 b) 3: 1 c) 2: 1 d) 2: 3
Pollen grains are shed at
a) 1-celled stage b) 2- celled stage c) 2,3- celled stage d) 5- celled stage
Which of these cells is the largest cell of the ovule?
a) Antipodal cell
b) Central cell
c) Megaspore mother cell
d) The size of the cells varies from species to species and none of the given above can be treated as largest
In orthotropous ovule, the micropyle and chalaza are
a) Oblique to funiculus b) Parallel to funculus
c) At right angle to funiculus d) In straight line with funiculus
Pick out the wrong statement.
a) Double fertilization is unique to gymnosperms and monocotyledons
b) Sequoia, a gymnosperm, is one of the tallest trees
c) Phaeophyceae members possess chlorophyll-a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls
d) Evolutionarily, pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants to possess xylem and phloem
The onagrad type embroyo, development is found in
a) Solanum b) Capsella c) Lilium d) Hibiscus
Male gametes in angiosperms are formed by the division of
a) Microspore b) Generative cell
c) Vegetative cell d) Microspore mother cell
In the fully organized Polygonum type of embryo sac, what is the ratio of haploid, diploid and triploid
nuclei?
a) 3 : 1 : 3 b) 6 : 0 : 1 c) 6 : 1 : 0 d) 3 : 2 : 3
Megasporogenesis is
a) Formation of fruit b) Formation of seeds
c) Formation of megaspores d) Both (b) and (c)
Fibrous thickenings of hygroscopic nature are found in which part of the anther wall?
a) Epidermis b) Endothecium c) Middle layers d) Tapetum
Which one of following represents an ovule, where the embryo sac becomes horse-shoe shaped and the
funiculus and micropyle are close to each other
a) Circinotropous b) Anatropous c) Amphitropous d) Atropous
In angiosperm functional megaspore develops into
a) Embryo sac b) Ovule c) Endosperm d) Pollan sac
Ornithophily refers to the pollination by which of the following?
a) Insects b) Birds c) Snails d) Air
Raphe is
a) Part of flower b) Funicle attached to ovule
c) Ridge formed by funiculus d) Part of nucellus
Page| 17

: ANSWER KEY :
1) c 2) d 3) c 4) c
5) c 6) a 7) c 8) a
9) c 10) b 11) c 12) b
13) c 14) a 15) d 16) d
17) c 18) b 19) d 20) c
21) a 22) b 23) c 24) d
25) d 26) c 27) d 28) b
29) d 30) c 31) b 32) c
33) a 34) b 35) d 36) d
37) c 38) a 39) d 40) a
41) a 42) a 43) a 44) a
45) b 46) b 47) d 48) a
49) b 50) a 51) b 52) c
53) b 54) a 55) a 56) a
57) a 58) a 59) b 60) a
61) d 62) a 63) a 64) c
65) a 66) d 67) c 68) d
69) a 70) c 71) d 72) b
73) d 74) b 75) d 76) d
77) a 78) c 79) d 80) a
81) a 82) c 83) a 84) b
85) d 86) b 87) c 88) d
89) c 90) d 91) a 92) d
93) b 94) c 95) c 96) d
97) c 98) b 99) c 100) a
101) b 102) b 103) b 104) d
105) d 106) d 107) a 108) b
109) b 110) c 111) d 112) b
113) c 114) d 115) c 116) a
117) a 118) d 119) b 120) a
121) a 122) d 123) b 124) b
125) d 126) d 127) d 128) c
129) c 130) a 131) d 132) c
133) d 134) d 135) a 136) b
137) a 138) a 139) c 140) a
141) b 142) a 143) b 144) c
145) d 146) a 147) d 148) d
149) d 150) d 151) b 152) d
153) b 154) a 155) b 156) a
157) a 158) a 159) c 160) d
161) c 162) c 163) d 164) b
165) a 166) a 167) d 168) d
169) a 170) d 171) a 172) b
173) a 174) a 175) d 176) a
177) c 178) b 179) b 180) d
181) a 182) c 183) c 184) b
185) d 186) d 187) d 188) b
189) b 190) c 191) c 192) b
193) c 194) a 195) b 196) c
197) d 198) d 199) a 200) a

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :
1 (c)
Fruit developed from unfertilized ovary.
In most of the species fruits are results of
fertilization. There are few species in which fruits
develop without fertilization. Such fruit are called
parthenocarpic fruits. Banana is one such
example. Parthenocarpy can be induced through
application of growth hormones and such fruit are
seed less
2 (d)
Seeds carry two generations first their parent
genes and second its upcoming plant gene. That’s
why it is called plant part having two generation.
Seed is the ripened ovule
3 (c)
In most of the species fruits are results of
fertilization. There are few species in which fruits
develop without fertilization. Such fruit are called
parthenocarpic fruits. Banana is one such
example. Parthenocarpy can be induced through
application of growth hormones and such fruit are
seed less
4 (c)
The chromosome number in gamete (n) of
Ophioglossum (a tern) is 630, of rice is 12, of
potato is 24, and of man is 23
5 (c)
Double fertilization is the fusion of one male
gamete with the egg cell (real fertilization) and
another male gamete with the secondary nucleus,
which resulted into triploid endosperm. Double
fertilization found only in angiosperms and
discovered by Nawaschin in 1898.
6 (a)
Sometimes the nucellus does not completely
consumed so it persist. It is found in many plant
like black pepper and beet. This nucellus is called
perisperm
7 (c)
Tuber is oval or spherical swollen underground
modified stems lacking adventitious roots. It
possesses a number of spirally arranged
depressions called eyes. Each eye represents node
and consists of 1-3 axillary buds in the axils of
small scally leaves.
8 (a)
In most of the species fruits are results of
fertilization. There are few species in which fruits
develop without fertilization. Such fruit are called
parthenocarpic fruits. Banana is one such
example. Parthenocarpy can be induced through
application of growth hormones and such fruit are
seed less
9 (c)
Pollen grain are generally 25-50 μm in diameter.
Pollen grains have two main layers
(i) Outer Layer It is also called exine. It is made up
of sporopollenin. It is hard and protective in
nature. Due to sporopollenin pollen can with
stand extreme temperatures.
(ii) Inner layer It is also called intine. It is made
up of cellulose and pectin. It is very thin as
compared to the outer layer
10 (b)
In angiosperms (dicots), the Polygonum type of
embryo sac is most common. In this emryo sac,
the arrangement of the nuclei is 3 + 2 + 3 , ie, 3 in
antipodals cells, 2 as polar nuclei (which later
fuse and form a diploid secondary nucleus); and 3
in egg apparatus (2 in synergids and 1 in egg cell).
11 (c)
Pericarp is wall of ovary which develops later into
wall of fruit
12 (b)
Tapetum is the innermost layer of the wall of
pollen sac. Tapetum cells are nutritive in function.
13 (c)
After entering the ovule the pollen tube is
attracted toward the micropylar end. The
attractant is secreted by filiform apparatus. The
pollen tube pierce one of the two synergid and
releases its gametes. Out of the two male gametes

Page| 38

one fuses with egg to perform generative
fertilization (syngamy)
It gives rise to the diploid zygote. The nucleus of
the second male gametes fuses with the two
haploid polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm
nucleus. This second fertilization is called
vegetative fertilization

14 (a)
The movement of pollen tube towards embryo sac
is chemotropism as it occurs in response to
certain chemical substances like auxin and
carbohydrates.
15 (d)
Pollen wall comprises of two principal layers the
inner intine and outer exine. The intine is
pectocettulosic in nature. A special feature of
intine is the presence of beads, ribbons or plates
of enzymatic proteins particularly in vicinity of
germ pores. The exine is composed of
sporopollenin which is derived from carotenoids
by oxidative polymerization. It is resistant to
physical and biological decomposition. Due to
this, pollen walls are often preserved for long
periods in fossil deposits.
16 (d)
Triple fusion in angiosperm is the fusion of
second sperm with two polar nuclei or the
secondary nucleus which results in the formation
of a triploid Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN).
17 (c)

(i) A typical angiospermic anther is a bilobed
structure having two theca at each lobe
(ii) It is tetragonal in shape with 4
microsporangia located at each lobe in its corners
(iii) Microsporangia develop into pollen sac,
which produces pollen

(a) A typical stamen
(b) Three-dimensional cut section of an anther
18 (b)
Microspore tetrad.
Microsporogenesis During developmental phase
of anther the cells of sporogenous tissue
undergoes meiotic division to form microspore
tetrad. The process of formation of microspore
from pollen mother cell is called
microsporogenesis. The microspores are formed
and arranged in a group of four cells called
microspore tetrad. Microspore develops into the
pollen grain and represents the male
gametophyte
19 (d)
Majority of insect pollinated flower are large,
colourful, fragrant and rich in nectar in order to
attract the insects for pollination
20 (c)
The term amphimixis is used in the sense of a true
sexual reproduction. It involves the fusion of male
and female pronuclei of the gametes and the
formation of a zygote.
21 (a)
Diagram is showing compact infloresence and
well exposed stamens. These are the characters of
wind pollinated plant
22 (b)
In grafting technique, two parts of two related
plants are joined, so as to form a composite plant
The quality of fruits is determined by the scion
(shoot part).
23 (c)
When pollen grains of one flower are transferred
to the stigma of another flower belonging to
either the same plant or genetically similar plant,
it is referred to as geitonogamy.
24 (d)
Ovary and other floral part makes fruit.

Page| 39

In most of the plants the fruit develops from the
ovary (true fruits) and other floral part
degenerate and fall off. However in a few species
such as apple, strawberry, cashew, etc., the
thalamus also contributes to fruit formation such
fruits are called false fruit
The transformation of part of flower
Before Fertilisation After
Fertilisation
Calyx, corolla – Wither
Androecium, style and stigma – Fruit
Ovary
Ovary wall – Pericarp
Ovule – Seed
Integuments – Seed coat
Outer integuments – Testa
Inner integuments – Tegaman
Micropyle – Micropyle
Funicle – Stalk of seed
Nucellus (if persistant) – Perisperm
Egg cell – Zygote
(oospore)
Synergid – Disintegrate
25 (d)
Both (a) and (c)
Filiform apparatus are the special thickening of
synergid cells for guiding the pollen tube and
male gametes, so that the fusion takes place
property
26 (c)
Double fertilization is the fusion of one male
gamete with female gamete (syngamy) and other
male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus
(triple fusion), 𝑖.𝑒., double fertilization=syngamy

triple fusion.
Double fertilization is characteristic feature of
angiosperms. It does not take place in algae,
bryophytes, pteridophytes and most
gymnosperms.
27 (d)
Embryos of monocotyledons possess only one
cotyledon. In the grass family the cotyledon is
called scutellum that is situated toward the one
side (lateral) of the embryonal axis. At its lower
end, the embryonal axis has the radical and root
cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath called
coleorhiza.
The portion of the embryonal axis above the level
of attachment of scutellum is epicotyl. Epicotyl
has a shoot apex and few leaf primordial enclosed
in hallow structure the coleoptile

28 (b)
Sporopollenin is biologically most resistant
organic material (fatty substance) found in the
exine (outer wall) of spores and pollen grains. It
consists of complex polymers with an emperical
formula (C90H142O36), formed by oxidative
polymerization of carotenoids and their esters.
29 (d)
Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen grains of
a male flower to the stigma of female flower,
which occurs either on the same plant
(monoecious) or on the different plant
(dioecious).
30 (c)
Female gametophyte is 7-celled and 8-nucleus
structure due to joining of two polar cells.
Six out of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell
walls and organized into cells (egg cells and
antipodal cells) and remaining two nuclei called
polar nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus
in large central cell. Thus, a typical angiospermic
embryo sac at maturity is 8-nucleate and 7-celled.
Mature embryo sac

Page| 40

31 (b)
The outer integument of ovule develops into testa.
The inner integument of ovule develops into
tegmen.
32 (c)
Central cell.
Six out of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell
walls and organized into cells (egg cells and
antipodal cells) and remaining two nuclei called
polar nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus
in large central cell. Thus, a typical angiospermic
embryo sac at maturity is 8-nucleate and 7-celled.
Mature embryo sac

33 (a)
8 nuclei are found in one embryo sac so it is
monosporic
34 (b)
Pollen grains.
Microsporogenesis During developmental phase
of anther the cells of sporogenous tissue
undergoes meiotic division to form microspore
tetrad. The process of formation of microspore
from pollen mother cell is called
microsporogenesis. The microspores are formed
and arranged in a group of four cells called
microspore tetrad. Microspore develops into the
pollen grain and represents the male
gametophyte
Microspore mother cell and pollen mother cell are
the same term and form male gametes (pollens)
by the process called microsporogenesis
35 (d)
A-Stigma – Landing ground for pollen grains
B-Style – Passage for pollen tube
C-Ovary – Embryos sac/fruit
D-Ovules – Formation of seed
E-Thalamus – Receptakle for ovary
36 (d)
The 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑚 type of ovule, the functional
haploid megaspore enlarges in size and by means
of three successive mitotic divisions, gives rise to
an eight-nucleate embryo sac.
37 (c)
Cross Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
from the anther of one flower to the stigma of
genetically different flower, it requires various
external agents.
Zoophily It is a pollination performed by animals.
Sticky pollens or hooked, barbed(hairy) pollens
gets attached to fur or body of animals.
Ornithophily pollination brought about by the
agency of bird (e.g., long beaked humming bird,
crow, parrot, etc) Ornithophilous flowers are
large more nectar and edible part, e.g., Bombax,
Agave, Callistemon, Erythrina.
Entomophily It is a pollination performed by the
insects. Most common type of pollination
performed by the insects. Most common type of
pollination, such flowers are brightly coloured,
aromatic with sticky stigmas and pollen kit, e.g.,
jasmine, Adhatoda, Magnolia, etc.
Cheriopterophily An allogamous pollination
brought about by the agency of bats. The flowers
produce strong aroma, much nectar, 𝑒.𝑔,
�
�𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎,𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑠 (Kadam),etc.
38 (a)
In adventive embryony, embryos develop directly
from the nucellus or integuments.
39 (d)
A –Exine
B – Intine
C – Vegetative cell
D- Germ pore
E – Generative cell
40 (a)

Page| 41

Two or three celled stage of male gametes are
formed by the mitotic cell division and in mitosis
the genetic make up remains identical. That is
why generative cell and vegetative cell in male
gametes are identical in genetic make up
41 (a)
In apomixes there is no fertilization so, the time
consuming is less as compared to plants which
reproduces by sexual method. Hence, it is the
rapid mode of reproduction in plants
42 (a)
Endosperm may either be completely consumed
by the developing embryo (𝑒.𝑔., pea, ground nut,
beans) before seed maturation or it may persist in
mature seed (𝑒.𝑔., castor and coconut) and may
be used up during seed germination. The first
condition is called endospermic, while second
condition is called non-endospermic
43 (a)
In haploids, recessive mutations express
immediately.
44 (a)
A – Male gamete; B- Antipodal cells; C – Egg cell;
D-Pollen tube.
In angiosperms, the pollen tube carries two male
gametes, one fuses with egg to produce zygote,
while second fuses with secondary nucleus to
produce triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
45 (b)
After the meiosis-I and II megaspore tetrad is
formed three out of four cells died from it only
one remain functioning called functional
megaspore and in that three mitotic division give
rise to 8 called stage
46 (b)
Two polar nuclei one egg cell (total 3 nuclei)
47 (d)
It is very essential for seed existence because
through this pore the water goes inside and
germination takes place and gaseous exchange
take place through that pores
48 (a)
Primary endosperm cell (3𝑛) formed by fusion of
male and polar nuclei.
After entering the ovule the pollen tube is
attracted toward the micropylar end. The
attractant is secreted by filiform apparatus. The
pollen tube pierce one of the two synergid and
releases its gametes. Out of the two male gametes
one fuses with egg to perform generative
fertilization (syngamy)
It gives rise to the diploid zygote. The nucleus of
the second male gametes fuses with the two
haploid polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm
nucleus. This second fertilization is called
vegetative fertilization

49 (b)
Generally, there are two integuments (bitegmic),
but sometimes one integuments also found
(unitegmic) in the ovule. They protect the ovule
from external injuries
50 (a)
During microsporogenesis, the sporogeneous cells
may directly acts as microspore mother cells or
pollen mother cells or PMCs. Each PMC, by a
meiotic division, gives rise to a group of four
haploid microspores, which are combinedly
referred to as microspore tetrad.
The first mitotic division in a pollen grain or
microspore results into two unequal cels. The
large is the vegetative cell, which eventually forms
the pollen tube. The smaller one is the generative
cells which produce the male gametophyte by
another mitosis.
51 (b)
�
�,2𝑛,3𝑛,𝑛.

52 (c)
Modes of entity of pollen tube

Page| 42

(i) Porogamy Entry of pollen tube takes place
through micropylar end 𝑒.𝑔., Lily
(ii) Chalazogamy Entry of pollen tube takes place
through the chalazal end, 𝑒.𝑔., Causarina, Juglans
(iii) Mesogamy Entry of pollen tube takes place
through the integuments 𝑒.𝑔.,Cucurbita, Populus

53 (b)
I- Suspensor, II- Radicle, III- Cotyledon
54 (a)
Majority of plants use biotic agents for pollination
because that reduce the chances of wasting
pollens
55 (a)
Water pollination in Vallisnaria (tape grass). In
water pollinated plants the water is the carrier of
pollen. Water does the same work as air in the air
pollinated flowers both produces large amount of
male gametes
56 (a)
Calyx Accessory part of the flower. The individual
leaf of calyx is called sepal. They may be green or
variously coloured.
Function protection of flower
57 (a)
Pollination is a process of transfer of pollen grains
from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or
of different flower. Pollination may be self
pollination (or autogamy), 𝑖.𝑒, (transfer of pollen
grains from anther to the stigma of same flower)
or cross pollination (or allogamy), 𝑖.𝑒., transfer of
pollen grains to the stigma of different flower.
Some agencies used in cross pollination are:
1.Insects (Entomophily)
2.Wind (Anemophily)
3.Water (Hydrophily)
4.Birds (Ornithophily)
5.Bats (Cheitropterophily).
58 (a)
Sexual reproduction includes syngamy and
meiosis. Syngamy is the nuclear fusion of male
and female gamete. The meiosis is reduction of
chromosome number to haploid during meiosis.
Genetic recombination occurred as a result of
crossing over.
59 (b)
The flowers which never open or which never
expose their sex organs to environment are called
cleistogamous flowers and this phenomenon is
called cleistogamy.
60 (a)
Fruit and seed generally develops simultaneously.
From ovary and ovules respectively
61 (d)
Wind pollens are non-sticky, light so that they can
go far away and are produced in large numbers,
because there is a lot of wastage of pollens
62 (a)
Chasmogamy is the type of autofertilisation (self
fertilisation) in which both male and female
gametes present on same flower but pistil and
stamen have special adaptation like bending
length, etc., so that fertilization takes place. They
are open flower not closed like cleistogamous
flowers
63 (a)
In dehydration there is less amount of water. In
less amount of water the seed’s enzyme can’t
works so there is no germination. Dormancy is the
time period in which seed can’t grow due to
undevelopment of embryo or lacking of other
necessary condition for growing
64 (c)
The chromosome number in gamete (n) of
Ophioglossum (a tern) is 630, of rice is 12, of
potato is 24, and of man is 23
65 (a)
Syngamy is the fusion of gametes, 𝑖.𝑒, the union of
nuclei of male gamete and female gamete in the
process of reproduction. In angiosperms,
generative fertilization is also called, syngamy.
66 (d)
Pollens of different species are different in size,
shape, colour and because different species are
adopted differently according to their
environment
67 (c)

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Transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of another
flower is known as cross pollination. It is further
classified depending on whether the pollination
has occurred between two flowers on the same
plant, i.e, geitonogamy or between two flowers on
different plants of same species i.e., xenogamy.
68 (d)
Development of embryo in female parent body is
a major step in seed development because in this
there is no need of water. In lower plants, water is
always needed for fertilization. So, it is the
revolutionary step
69 (a)
Fusion of male and female haploid gametes leads
to the formation of a diploid zygote
70 (c)
Polyspory is the occurrence of more than four
spores form a spore mother cell.
71 (d)
Mature embryo sac

72 (b)
The gynoecium represents the female
reproductive part of the flower. The gynoecium
may consist of single pistil (monocarpelllary) or
may have more than one pistil (multicarpellary)
When there are more than one pistil fused
together than the pistil is called multicarpellary
syncarpous pistil when the pistils are not in fused
condition than this type of ovary is called
multicarpellary apocarpous pistil

73 (d)
Cleistogamous flowers never open and in them
only self-pollination is operated. In Commelina
benghalensis (kankauoa), the underground
flowers are cleistogamous, in which Cleistogamy
(a type of self-pollination) occurs.
74 (b)
A-Exine, B-Intine
75 (d)
According to Farmer and Moore, four daughter
cells are formed from single cell in meiosis. As a
result of microsporogenesis (meiotic division) in
four microspore mother cells, 16 pollen grains
will be produced.
77 (a)
True, because due to the presence of feathers they
can cover more distance
78 (c)
Strasburger (1879) first time described
Polygonum type of embryo sac on Polygonum
divaricum. Orthotropous ovule is found in
Polygonum. It is the simplest and primitive type,
in which micropyle, chalaza and funiculus lie in
one vertical plane.
79 (d)
Autogamy (self-pollination) involve participation
of just one flower for pollination. The devices for
self pollination are homogamy, bisexuality,
cleistogamy, etc.
80 (a)
Chalazal pole is present just, opposite to the
micropylar end and chalaza represents the basal
part of the ovule
81 (a)
Vegetative fertilization occuring in angiosperms is
also known as triple fusion. It involves the fusion
of second male gamete with two polar nuclei or
their fusion product (i.e, secondary nucleus). This
result in the formation of a triploid Primary
Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) which divides and

Page| 44

gives rise to the triploid endosperm. True
fertilization or generative fertilization and
syngamy involves the fusion of first male gamete
with the egg and results into diploid zygote.
82 (c)
In asexual and apomictic reproduction the mitotic
cell division takes place. Due to mitotic cell
division in both these type of reproduction
resultant progeny are identical to parents
83 (a)
Xenia refers to the effect of pollen on endosperm.
84 (b)
Diagram depict wind pollination in maize
85 (d)
Long silky hairs on cob maize are the stigma and
style of the maize plant
86 (b)
In angiosperms, endosperms is a triploid (3𝑛)
nutritive tissue, which develops form secondary
nucleus.
87 (c)
Pollen grain is the haploid (𝑛) small, male
gametophyte covered by two membrane outer
‘exine’ and inner ‘intine’.
88 (d)
In apomixes the diploid egg is formed without the
reductional division. This diploid egg may derived
directly from the somatic cell (apospory), in some
plants Megaspore Mother Cell (MMC) act as the
diploid egg called diplospory
89 (c)
Though organogenesis is a part of post
fertilization events but it is included in the
embryogenesis. Endospermogenesis is the post
fertilisation event under which formation of
endosperm takes place
90 (d)
Asexual reproduction.
Although seeds. In general are the product of
fertilization, a few flower plants such as some
species of Asteraceae and grasses, have evolved
special mechanism to produced seed without
fertilization called apomixis
91 (a)
Parthenium is also called congress grass, which
came with wheat variety imported from Maxico.
Now, it is a serious weed of wheat and produce
large number of pollen grains which causes
bronchial allergies
92 (d)
Pollination by snail and slug is called malacophily
93 (b)
Myrmecophily id defence mechnism through
‘Ants’. Some plants (e.g., mango, litchi, guava)
protect the plants from attack of other animals by
harbouring ants on them.
94 (c)
Pollen tube is formed by intine of pollen, hence
made of pectocellulose (Pectin+cellulose).
95 (c)
Cleistogamy is the phenomenon, where flowers
never open and in them only self-pollination
occurs within the bud (unopened flower). It has
the advantage that seed set is not dependent on
pollinators.
96 (d)
Double fertilization is the unique feature of
flowering plants, whereby, from a single pollen
grain, the two sperm nuclei within the pollen tube
fuse with different nuclei within the embryo sac of
the ovule. Fusion of one sperm with egg cell
nucleus forms zygote and the fusion of other
sperm with diploid secondary nucleus forms
triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
97 (c)
Flower is a modified shoot meant for
reproduction
98 (b)
They remain close for ensuring self-pollination
99 (c)
Wind pollinated flowers often have single ovule in
each ovary and numerous flowers packed into an
inflorescence. A familiar example is corn comb
100 (a)
Continued self breeding means there is
continuation of genetic material to the progeny
from the parents. As they are the product of same
genotype of same plant. This leads to less
productivity called inbreeding depression
101 (b)
Wind pollinated flowers are small, producing
large number of pollen grains.
103 (b)
False In the embryo sac the cells, which are
present at the chalazal end are called antipodal
cells. At the micropylar end the synergid and egg
cells are present.
Mature embryo sac

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104 (d)
In orthotropous ovule (also called atropous or
erect ovule), chalaza, micropyle and funicle lie in
straight line, e.g., Urtica, Polygonum and
Peperomea. This is a primitive type of ovule.
105 (d)
In center there is microspore mother cell. In
which meiosis takes place which leads to
formation of pollen grains
106 (d)
Sporopollenin is a polymer, tougher than lignin
but with similar properties, composed chiefly of
carotenoids, makes the exine of spores and pollen
grains of plants providing resistance to
biodegradation. It is the hardest plant product.
107 (a)
A-female gametophyte, B-embryo sac. Female
gametophyte is the combination of many cells.
They are synergid cell, egg cell, antipodal cell and
polar nuclei
108 (b)
A-double fertilization, B-PEN, C-Endosperm, D
Embryo
109 (b)
Dicot embryo has radicle, plumule, cotyledons
and sometimes endosperm.
110 (c)
Epidermis middle layer, endothecium, they are
present outerly and have the function of
protection. But sometime endothecium does the
function of nourishment
111 (d)
Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is
reffered as polyembryony. In many Citrus and
mango varieties, some of the nucellar cells
surrounding the embryo sac start dividing,
protrude into the embryo sac and develop into the
embryos. In such species, each ovule contains
many embryos (nucellar polyembryony).
112 (b)
The post fertilization changes in the seeds are as
follows:
Ovule – Seed Ovary – Fruit
Nucellus – Perisperm (a nutritive tissue)
Integument – Seed coat.
113 (c)
In rare cases, the pollen tube may pierce through
integuments as in Populus, Cucurbita or through
funiculus as in Pistacia. It is called mesogamy.
114 (d)
Grafting is difficult in monocot plants as they have
scattered vascular bundles. Vascular bundles with
cambium is necessary for grafting while in
monocot, no such cambium is present in vascular
bundles.
115 (c)
Microspore mother cell and pollen mother cell are
the same term and form male gametes (pollens)
by the process called microsporogenesis
116 (a)
Tapetum is the innermost layer of anther wall.
117 (a)
Double fertilization was discovered by Nawaschin
and Strasburger.
118 (d)
Pollens contain male gametes hence both the
terms are used in angiosperms during sexual
reproduction
119 (b)
In grafting technique, two parts of two related
plants are joined, so as to form composite plant. In
this, one plant having strong root system, is called
stock, while the other having better shoot is called
scion or graft. The grafting technique is successful
in two related plants having vascular cambium
(characteristic feature of dictoyledons). Later is
absent in monocotyledons, so grafting cannot be
possible in monocots.
120 (a)
Ovules generally differentiate a single Megaspore
Mother Cell (MMC) in the micropylar region of the
undifferentiated tissue (nucellus). It is a large cell
containing dense cytoplasm and prominent
nucleus. The MMC undergoes meiotic division
121 (a)
The common asexual reproductive structures in
sponges are gemmules, and in penicillium are
conidia. The vegetative propagules in Agave,

Page| 46

water hyacinth and bryophyllum are bulbil, offset
and leaf buds, respectively.

122 (d)
In angiosperm, fusion of second sperm with two
polar nuclei is called triple fusion.
123 (b)
In most cases, the mature embryo sac contains 7
cells and 8 nuclei, i.e., egg apparatus with two
haploid synergid cells and one haploid egg cell at
micropylar end, two haploid polar nuclei in a
single central cell (which later fuse to form
diploid secondary nucleus) at the middle and
three haploid antipodal cells at the chalazal pole.
124 (b)
I, II, III and IV are correct
Flowering plants have developed many devices to
discourage self-pollination. In some species,
pollen, releases and stigma receptibility is non
syncronised, i.e., either the pollen is released
before the stigma becomes receptive or stigma
becomes receptive much before the release of
pollen.
In some other species the anther and stigma are
placed at the different positions so that the pollen
can not come in contact with the stigma of same
flower. Both these devices prevent autogamy.
The third device to prevent inbreeding is self
incompatibility. This is genetic a mechanism and
prevents self pollination (from same flower or
other flower of same plant) from fertilizing the
ovules by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen
tube growth in pistil
125 (d)
Nuclei involved in fertilization Two nuclei from
polar cell, two nuclei from male gametes
(generative and vegetative) and one nucleic from
egg cell
126 (d)
In citrus, mango plants some of the nucellar cell
surrounding the embryo sac starts dividing,
protrude into embryo sac and develop into many
embryos. In such species each ovule contains
many embryos. Occurrence of more than one
embryo is referred to as polyembryony
127 (d)
30 min.
The period in which the pollen grains remain
viable is highly variable. It depends on the
temperature and humidity. In some cereals such
as rice and wheat, the pollen grains loose viability
with in 30 minutes of their release and in some
members of Rosaceae, Leguminosae and
Solanaceae, they maintain variability for months
129 (c)
Endosperm Genotype Endosperm is formed by
fusion of male gamet and polar nuclei so, the
genotype of endosperm is ABB
Embryo Genotype Embryo is formed by fusion
gametes (1𝑛) of male and female. So, the embryo
genotype is AB
130 (a)
�
�𝑜𝑙𝑦ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑚 type of embryo sac is 7-celled, 8
nucleate, 𝑖.𝑒., composed of 3 antipodals, 2
synergids one egg and one central cell.
131 (d)
Micropyle is the narrow or passage left by the
integuments at one end of the ovule. It allows the
entry of pollen tube into the ovule. This
phenomenon is known as porogamy, e.g., lily.
132 (c)
A fruit is a seed containing part of a plant that
develops from a fertilized ovary and often from
other tissue that surround it.
133 (d)
Allogamy is also known as cross pollination, i.e.,
involvement of male and female gametes of two
different flowers.
134 (d)
Microsporangium is mainly surrounded by four
layers/wall, 𝑖.𝑒., Epidermis, endothecium, middle
layer and tapetuem
(i) Epidermis endothecium and middle layer help
in protection and dehiscence of anther from
pollen
(ii) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen
grain

135 (a)
True.
In coconut endosperm two type of division takes
place, cellular and nuclear and it is the female
gametophyte not male. In coconut endosperm

Page| 47

cellular endosperm surrounds the nuclear
endsopores
136 (b)
Hermaphrodite flower is also called monoecious
or bisexual flower. Majority of plants have this
type of flowers
137 (a)
Unisexuality of flowers prevents autogamy(self
pollination) but not geitonogamy(pollination
between separate male and female flowers on the
same plant).
138 (a)
The funiculus is stalk like part, which attaches the
ovule to placenta in an ovary.
139 (c)
Self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen
grains from the anther to the stigma of the same
flower.
140 (a)
Meiosis is a type of cell division in which the
chromosomes number becomes half. This type of
division takes place only during gametogenesis,
because gametes have haploid or half
chromosomes than parents
141 (b)
In cereals, one of few outer layers of endosperm
are thick-walled with dense cytoplasm having
pits. These are mainly filled with aleurone grains
(highly protein rich) and hence, called aleurone
tissue or aleurone layer.
142 (a)
Development of an egg (ovum) into a complete
individual without fertilization is known as
parthenogenesis. A diploid offspring is produced
without fertilization of a diploid egg cell through
parthenogenesis.
143 (b)
Apomixis or agamospermy is a reproductive
process in plants that superficially resembles
normal sexual reproduction but in which there is
no fusion of gametes. In some apomictic flowering
plants, there is no fertilization by pollen and the
embryos develop simply by division of a diploid
cell of the ovule.
144 (c)
After fertilization, the nature, ripened ovary
develops into fruit. The ovary wall forms the
covering of the fruit called fruit wall or pericarp.
Some other post fetrilization changes also occur
like nucellus develops into perisperm, ovules
develop into seeds, outer integument forms testa,
inner integument forms tegmen, etc.
145 (d)
Tapetum is the innermost layer of anther wall. It
is the major nourishing layer. Its cells become
multinucleate and polyploid through endomitosis
and endopolyploidy.
146 (a)
Pollen grains of many species cause severe
allergies and bronchial afflications. In some
people often leading to chronic respiratory
disorders, i.e., asthma, bronchitis, etc. Remember
that Parthenium or carrot grass that came to India
as a contaiminant with imported wheat has
become obiquitous in occurance and cause pollen
allergy
147 (d)
Non-albuminous seeds are also called ex
albuminous. In them reserve food consumed by
embryo so their cotyledons are very thin
148 (d)
Parthenogenesis is development of an embryo
from an unfertilized egg or if a spermatozoan
does penetrate the egg, there is no union of male
and female pronuclei. It is found in many plants
(dandelions and hawk weeds) and animals
(aphids and honey bees).
149 (d)
Endosperm may either be completely consumed
by the developing embryo (𝑒.𝑔., pea, ground nut,
beans) before seed maturation or it may persist in
mature seed (𝑒.𝑔., castor and coconut) and may
be used up during seed germination. The first
condition is called endospermic, while second
condition is called non-endospermic
150 (d)
A- Hypocotyle, B- Radicle , C- Root cap
151 (b)
Calotropis is insect pollinating plant (cross
pollination). Herkogamy is a type of cross
pollination adaptation in which pollens transfer
from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a
genetically different flowers with the help of
various biotic or abiotic agencies is fovoured.
152 (d)
Fertilization of egg takes place inside embryo sac
because egg is the part of embryo sac.
153 (b)

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Embryos of monocotyledons possess only one
cotyledon. In the grass family the cotyledon is
called scutellum that is situated toward the one
side (lateral) of the embryonal axis. At its lower
end, the embryonal axis has the radical and root
cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath called
coleorhiza.
The portion of the embryonal axis above the level
of attachment of scutellum is epicotyl. Epicotyl
has a shoot apex and few leaf primordia enclosed
in hallow structure the coleoptile
154 (a)
Egg cell is haploid, whereas endosperm is triploid
as it is formed by fusion of one male gamete with
two polar nuclei. Therefore, the number of
chromosomes in endosperm will be 8×3=24.
155 (b)
In coconut endosperm two type of division takes
place, cellular and nuclear and it is the female
gametophyte not male. In coconut endosperm
cellular endosperm surrounds the nuclear
endsopores
156 (a)
It is the ovules which develop into seed so
number of seeds is equal to the number of ovules
157 (a)
Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is
reffered as Polyembryony. In many citrus and
mango varieties some of the nucellar cells
surrounding the embryo sac start dividing,
protrude into embryo sac and develop into the
embryos. In such species, each ovule contains
many embryos (nucellar polyembryony)
158 (a)
In parthenogenesis, the number of chromosomes
of the second generation as compared to the
parent remains half.
159 (c)
Pollination refers to the transfer of pollens to
stigma. Hydrophily is the pollination by water.
Hydrophily is commonly seen in members of
Ceratophylaceae, Najadaceae, Hydrocharitaceae,
etc.
160 (d)
Anemophily is a mode of cross-pollination, which
is accomplished through the agency of wind. It
occurs in coconut, date palm, maize, etc.
161 (c)
Endosperm =3𝑛=5×3=15 chromosome
Egg cell =1𝑛=1×5=5 chromosome
Polar cell =2𝑛=2×5=10 chromosome
162 (c)
(i) Antipodal cell – Haploid
(ii) Egg cell – Haploid
(iii) Synergid cell – Haploid
(iv) Polar nuclei – Diploid
(v) Male gamete – Haploid
(vi) Nuceller cell – diploid
(vii) Chalazal cell – diploid
163 (d)
�
�𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 is a member of Papilionaceae
(Fabacese), in which 10 stamens are present in a
flower. Each stamen has four microsporangia, in
which microspore mother cells are found. Each
microspore mother cell gives rise to a pollen
tetrad.
Thus, 10 flowers (with 10 stamens in each)
having 30 microsporangia in each
microsporangium will form 48,000 pollen grains.
164 (b)
In 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠, apomictic embryos arise from maternal
sporophytic tissue in ovule.
165 (a)
True Plants, in which the water or air pollination
is prevelant, produces large number of pollens
because of wastage of pollen during pollination by
abiotic means
166 (a)
Absence of integuments.
Micropyle is found is both seed and ovule. In seed
it is the pore through which water goes inside
during germination. In ovule the absense of
integuments form micropyle
167 (d)

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An ideal embryo sac contains 7-cells and 8-nuclei.
3-cells are present at the micropylar end and form
egg apparatus, mid of which egg cell and rest two
lateral form synergids. One cell present in the
centre of embryo sac, known as central cell and
contains two nuclei and rest three cells are
present at chalazal end for antipodal cells.
168 (d)
Synergid cells are characterized by the presence
of finger like projections called filiform apparatus
attached to their upper wall at micropyler end.
This filiform apparatus is known to attract and
guide the pollen tube.
169 (a)
Aleurone layer prepare amylase (an enzyme),
which acts on the starch and frees the glucose unit
for developing embryo
170 (d)
Pollination by bats is called cheiropterophily.
171 (a)
Cleistogamy is the condition when flowers remain
closed and self-pollination is the rule. Commelina
benghalensis produces underground
cleistogamous and aerial chasmogamous flowers.
Cleistogamy is also seen in Impatiens, Viola ,
Subularia, etc.
172 (b)
Pollen Grain when pollen grain matures it
contains two cells
(i) Vegetative cell Vegetative cell is bigger and has
abundant food reserve and a large irregular
shaped nucleus
(ii) Generative cell The generative cell is small and
floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell. It is
spindle-shaped with dense cytoplasm and a
nucleus
173 (a)
Artificial Hybridisation In such crossing
experiments where it is important to make sure
that only the desired pollen grains are used for
pollination and stigma is protecting from
contaimination (from unwanted pollen), this
technique is used.
Steps in Artificial Hybridisation
(i) Emasculation Removal of anthers from the
flower bud before the anther dehiscence using
forceps. This step referred to as emasculation
(ii) Bagging Emasculated flowers have to be
covered with a bag of suitable size, generally
made up of butter paper to prevent contamination
of its stigma with unwanted pollen. This process
is called bagging.
(iii) Rebagging When the stigma of bagged flower
attains receptivity, mature pollen grains collected
from the anthers of the male parent are dusted on
the stigma and the flowers are rebagged, and the
fruits allowed to developed
174 (a)
Homogamy is the condition, in which male and
female parts of a flower mature simultaneously.
175 (d)
The double fertilization was discovered by S G
Nawaschin (1898) and Guignard in 𝐿𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 and
�
�𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖a. Double fertilization is restricted only
to angiosperms. When pollen tube enters ovule, it
strikes one of the synergids and burst open to
release the two male gametes, which fuse with
two different structures in the same female
gametophyte. Thus, double fertilization can be
distinguished as :
1.Generative Fertilization: Fusion of one male
gamete with the egg producing diploid zygote or
oospore.
2.Vegetative Fertilization: Fusion of nucleus of
second male gamete with the diploid secondary
(fused) nucleus or the triple fusion, 𝑖.𝑒., fusion of
one male polar nuclei forming endosperm (3𝑛).
176 (a)
Six out of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell
walls and organized into cells (egg cells and
antipodal cells) and remaining two nuclei called
polar nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus
in large central cell. Thus, a typical angiospermic
embryo sac at maturity is 8-nucleate and 7-celled.
Mature embryo sac

177 (c)
An ovule is an integumented megasporangium
found in spermatophytes, which develops into

Page| 50

seed after fertilization. An angiospermic ovule is
typically an ovoid and whitish structure. It occurs
inside the ovary, where it is attached to a
parenchymatous tissue called placenta either
singly or in a cluster
178 (b)
During the development of nuclear endosperm,
the primary endosperm nucleus divides
repeatedly without wall formation, i.e, produce
large number of free nuclei. The multinucleate
cytoplasm undergoes cleavage and gives rise to
multicellular tissue, e.g., maize, wheat, rice,
sunflower, etc.
179 (b)
Polygonum type of embryo sac is the most
common in angiosperms. It is 7-celled and 8
nucleate. The nuclei are arranged in such a way
that three organized at micropylar end and form
egg apparatus (one egg and two synergids), two
nuclei migrate to centre and form polar nuclei in a
single central cell and three nuclei at chalazal pole
organized into antipodal cells.
180 (d)
Flowering plants have developed many devices to
discourage self-pollination. In some species,
pollen, releases and stigma receptibility is non
syncronised, i.e., either the pollen is released
before the stigma becomes receptive or stigma
becomes receptive much before the release of
pollen.
In some other species the anther and stigma are
placed at the different positions so that the pollen
can not come in contact with the stigma of same
flower. Both these devices prevent autogamy.
The third device to prevent inbreeding is self
incompatibility. This is genetic a mechanism and
prevents self pollination (from same flower or
other flower of same plant) from fertilizing the
ovules by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen
tube growth in pistil
181 (a)
Occurrence of more than one embryo is called
polyembryony. It is generally formed in family
Citraceae. Orange and lemon are common
examples of polyembryony in which nucellar
polyembryony is formed
182 (c)
Flowers of grass family (Poaceae) are generally
pollinated by the wind. They have exposed stigma
and versatile anther
183 (c)
2:1 is the right answer.
184 (b)
Pollen grains protoplast is uninucleate (1-celled)
in the beginning but at the time of liberation, it
becomes 2, 3-celled.
185 (d)
Central cell is the largest cell of embryo sac and is
mother cell of endosperm. The enlargement of the
embryo sac after the last nuclear division is
largely due to inflation of the large central vacuole
of central cell.
186 (d)
In orthotropous (atropous) ovule, the micropyle,
funicle and chalaza lie in a straight line.
187 (d)
True fertilization together with triple fusion is
known as double fertilization, a unique
phenomenon only occurs in angiosperms (absent
in gymnosperms) and first time demonstrated by
Nawaschin in 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝐿𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚.
188 (b)
In onagrad type embroyo development, the apical
cell of two-celled proembryo dividies by a vertical
wall. Basal cell play little or no role in
development, e.g., Capsella.
189 (b)
Before pollination, the pollen grain cytoplasm
divides in generative cell and vegetative cell. The
generative cell divides to form two male gametes.
190 (c)
A fully organised Polygonum type of embryo sac
in a 7-celled, 8-nucleate structure. The cells of egg
appratus and antipodal are haploid, whereas the
central cell is diploid, i.e., contains two polar
nuclei. Triploid endosperm is formed after triple
fusion, i.e, fusion of second male gamete with
polar nuclei.
191 (c)
Megaspore is commonly called as ovum. These
terms are generally used in case of plants and
animals. The process of formation of ova or
megaspore called oogenesis or megasporogenesis
respectively
192 (b)
Endothecium is an unilayer of radially elongated
cells occurs between the epidermis and middle
layers of an angiospermic anther wall.

Page| 51

Cells of endothecium have fibrous thickening in
their cell walls due to which they become
hygroscopic and thus, help in the dehiscence of
mature anther.
193 (c)
In amphitropous ovule, the body of embryo
becomes curved and looks like anatropous ovule
but here the embryo sac also curves and becomes
horse shoe shaped, e.g., Alismaceae.
194 (a)
In angiosperm the functional megaspore develops
into the embryo sac, which is having synergid
cells, egg cell, polar nuclei and antipodal cell
respectively
195 (b)
Allogamous pollination performed by birds is
called ornithophily. Entomophily is pollination
carried out by insects.
196 (c)
In anatropous ovule, the funiculus fuses with body
of ovule beyond the hilum to give rise to
longitudinal ridge called raphe.
197 (d)
Valvular dehiscence is found in 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎, in
which slits are present in anther lobes, through
these slits pollen grains are liberated.
198 (d)

(i) A typical angiospermic anther is a bilobed
structures having two theca at each lobe
(ii) It is tetragonal in shape with 4
microsporangia located at each lobe in its corners
(iii) Microsporangia develop into pollen sac,
which produces pollen

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