The chapter Tissues (class 9 science ch 6 tissues, NCERT Chapter 6 / High School Biology – Grade 9) explains how groups of similar cells work together to perform specific functions in plants and animals. Instead of each cell working alone, cells organize into tissues to make the body more efficient.
In this lesson, you will learn:
- What tissues are and why they are important in multicellular organisms
- Types of plant tissues – meristematic and permanent
- Types of animal tissues – epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
- Diagrams, examples, and simple explanations for easy understanding
This guide includes notes, NCERT solutions, questions & answers, and diagrams to help both Indian students (Class 9 NCERT/CBSE) and foreign students (High School Grade 9 Biology) prepare for exams and build strong concepts.
Tissues – Class 9 Science Chapter 6 / High School Biology (Grade 9)
Every living organism is made up of cells. In unicellular organisms like Amoeba or Paramecium, a single cell performs all life processes. But in multicellular organisms such as plants and animals, different functions are divided among different groups of cells.
A tissue is defined as:
👉 “A group of similar or dissimilar cells that work together to perform a specific function in the body.”
This division of labour makes the organism more efficient, just like a company where different departments (finance, HR, production) work together for smooth functioning.
Plant Tissues
Plants are autotrophic and stationary organisms, so their tissues are mainly designed for growth, support, transport, storage, and protection.
Plant tissues are broadly classified into:
- Meristematic Tissue (growth tissues)
- Permanent Tissue (specialized functions)
- Protective Tissue (protection and water conservation)
1. Meristematic Tissue
These are actively dividing tissues responsible for plant growth. Cells are small, thin-walled, and rich in cytoplasm.
Types of Meristems:
- Apical Meristem – Found at the tips of roots and shoots. Increases length (primary growth). Example: new leaves or flowers arise due to apical meristem.
- Intercalary Meristem – Present at nodes or base of leaves. Helps in elongation of stems and leaves. Example: grass grows quickly after being cut because of intercalary meristem.
- Lateral Meristem (Cambium) – Found on the sides of roots and stems. Helps in increasing thickness (secondary growth). Example: wood formation in trees.
2. Permanent Tissue
These tissues are derived from meristems but lose the ability to divide. They become specialized to perform specific functions.
(a) Simple Permanent Tissue (made of one type of cell):
- Parenchyma – Living cells with thin cell walls. Functions: storage of food, photosynthesis (chlorenchyma), and buoyancy (aerenchyma in aquatic plants like lotus).
- Collenchyma – Living cells with uneven thickening at corners. Provides flexibility and mechanical support. Example: present in stems and leaf stalks, allows bending without breaking.
- Sclerenchyma – Dead cells with thick, lignified walls. Provides rigidity and hardness. Example: husk of coconut is sclerenchyma.
(b) Complex Permanent Tissue (made of more than one type of cell):
- Xylem – Transports water and minerals from roots to other parts. Components: tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres. Mostly dead cells (except parenchyma).
- Phloem – Transports food from leaves to other parts (translocation). Components: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres. Mostly living cells (except fibres).
3. Protective Tissue
- Epidermis – Outer protective covering. In leaves, it has stomata for gas exchange and transpiration. In roots, it helps absorb water.
- Cork (Phellem) – Replaces epidermis in older stems and roots. Made of dead, suberized cells. Prevents water loss and protects against injury.
Animal Tissues
Animals show greater movement and have complex organ systems. Their tissues are specialized for protection, movement, transport, communication, and storage.
Animal tissues are divided into four main types:
1. Epithelial Tissue – The Covering Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines internal organs.
- Cells are tightly packed with minimal intercellular space.
Types of Epithelium:
- Squamous – Flat cells, thin lining (e.g., alveoli in lungs).
- Cuboidal – Cube-shaped (e.g., kidney tubules, glands).
- Columnar – Tall cells, for absorption/secretion (e.g., intestine).
- Ciliated – With cilia, moves substances (e.g., trachea, oviduct).
- Glandular – Specialized for secretion (e.g., sweat glands, salivary glands).
2. Connective Tissue – The Binding Tissue
Joins and supports different parts of the body. Has a large intercellular matrix.
Types of Connective Tissue:
- Bone – Hard matrix of calcium and phosphorus, gives structure.
- Cartilage – Flexible, smooth, at joints, nose, ear.
- Ligaments – Connect bone to bone (strong but flexible).
- Tendons – Connect muscle to bone (strong but less flexible).
- Areolar Tissue – Fills space between organs.
- Adipose Tissue – Stores fat, insulates the body.
- Blood – Fluid connective tissue; transports gases, nutrients, hormones.
3. Muscular Tissue – The Movement Tissue
Muscles help in voluntary and involuntary movements. They can contract and relax.
Types of Muscles:
- Striated (Skeletal Muscle) – Long, cylindrical, multinucleated, with striations. Voluntary, attached to bones, helps in movement.
- Unstriated (Smooth Muscle) – Spindle-shaped, uninucleated, no striations. Involuntary, found in stomach, intestine, blood vessels.
- Cardiac Muscle – Branched, striated, with intercalated discs. Involuntary, found only in heart, contracts rhythmically.
4. Nervous Tissue – The Communication Tissue
- Made of neurons (nerve cells).
- Each neuron has a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
- Function: transmits signals between brain, spinal cord, and body parts.
- Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves.
Importance of Tissues in Multicellular Organisms
- Provide division of labour (specialized functions).
- Ensure efficiency in complex processes.
- Help in growth, repair, and coordination.
- Allow higher organisms to survive and adapt.
Worksheet – Class 9 Science Ch 6: Tissues in Action (New Updated CBSE 2026 Book)
1. Meristematic tissues divide repeatedly. What property of their cells allows them to do this?
(i) They have thick walls for protection.
(ii) They contain large vacuoles that store nutrients.
(iii) They have thin walls, dense cytoplasm and large prominent nucleus.
(iv) They are functionally differentiated cells.
Answer: (iii) They have thin walls, dense cytoplasm and large prominent nucleus.
Explanation:
Meristematic cells actively divide and help in plant growth. Their thin walls, dense cytoplasm, and large nucleus support continuous cell division.
2. If a plant is unable to transport food from leaves to roots which tissue is malfunctioning?
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Epidermis
(iv) Sclerenchyma
Answer: (ii) Phloem
Explanation:
Phloem transports prepared food from leaves to other parts of the plant such as roots, stems, and fruits. If food transport stops, phloem is malfunctioning.
3. Why are the epithelial tissues that line an animal’s internal organs usually only one or a few cells thick?
(i) To store food efficiently.
(ii) To provide maximum strength.
(iii) To allow quick exchange of materials across them.
(iv) To reduce friction.
Answer: (iii) To allow quick exchange of materials across them.
Explanation:
Thin epithelial tissues help in rapid diffusion and exchange of substances such as gases, nutrients, and wastes across body surfaces.
4. You can perform these two jumps (Fig. 3.21):
Straight-leg jump — keep knees and ankles stiff.
Normal jump — bend knees and ankles naturally.
How did your ankle, knee and hip positions differ between the two jumps?
Answer:
In the straight-leg jump, the knees and ankles remain stiff with very little bending, making the jump harder and less flexible. In the normal jump, the knees, ankles, and hips bend naturally, helping the body absorb shock and produce a better jump.
5. Which type of joint is involved when you bend your knees and ankles?
(i) Ball and socket
(ii) Hinge
(iii) Pivot
Answer: (ii) Hinge
Explanation:
Hinge joints allow movement mainly in one direction, like opening and closing a door. Knees and ankles work as hinge joints during bending.
6. In each of the following cases (A, B, C and D), choose the correct option as given below:
(i) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(ii) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(iii) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(iv) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
A.
Assertion: Epithelium is well-suited for gas exchange in the lungs.
Reason: It consists of multiple layers of tall cells that slow down diffusion.
Answer: (iii) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
Explanation:
Epithelium in lungs is thin and simple, allowing rapid gas exchange. Multiple thick layers would slow diffusion.
B.
Assertion: Cardiac muscle can contract continuously without fatigue.
Reason: Cardiac muscle cells have a high number of mitochondria and an abundant blood supply.
Answer: (i) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Explanation:
Cardiac muscles require constant energy. Numerous mitochondria and rich blood supply help them work continuously without fatigue.
C.
Assertion: Tendons connect bone to bone and allow joint movement.
Reason: Tendons are made of tough connective tissue that transmits force from muscle to bone.
Answer: (iv) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Explanation:
Ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone.
D.
Assertion: In a hinge joint, movement occurs primarily in one plane.
Reason: The bone ends are shaped to allow sliding in all directions.
Answer: (iii) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
Explanation:
Hinge joints allow movement mainly in one direction only, not in all directions.
Question 7
Plot a graph between the age of a tree (in years) on the x-axis and the diameter of the tree (in cm) along with the number of annual rings formed over time on the y-axis, using the data given in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7: Data related to the age of a teak tree, and corresponding increase in the diameter of stem and number of annual rings
| S. No. | Age of the teak tree (Years) | DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) of tree (cm) | Number of annual rings formed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
| 2 | 10 | 8 | 10 |
| 3 | 20 | 24 | 20 |
| 4 | 25 | 28 | 25 |
| 5 | 30 | 32 | 30 |
| 6 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
- Analyse the graph in terms of the diameter of the stem over time and share the interpretation.
- What is the relationship between the diameter of the teak tree and the annual rings formed?
- Which specialised tissue is responsible for the girth of the stem and where is it located?
Answer
- The graph shows that the diameter of the teak tree increases as the age of the tree increases. This indicates continuous secondary growth in the stem over time.
- The number of annual rings increases with the increase in the diameter of the teak tree. Older trees have more annual rings and greater stem diameter.
- The specialised tissue responsible for the increase in girth of the stem is the lateral meristem (cambium). It is located between the xylem and phloem in the stem.
Question
In a forest, it was observed that one of the trees was severely debarked by an elephant to meet its food requirements, as the bark is a rich source of nutrients. Based on your learning, answer the following:
- (i) Which function(s) of the tree is/are hampered by debarking?
- (ii) Which plant tissue would be affected by further damage to the tree trunk even after debarking?
- (iii) Which function of the tree would be hampered if the tissues beneath the bark were severely damaged?
- (iv) What assumptions are you making to answer the questions above? How would the answer change if your assumptions are also changed?
Answer
- (i) Debarking hampers the transport of food from leaves to other parts of the plant because the bark contains phloem tissue.
- (ii) The xylem tissue would be affected by further damage to the tree trunk even after debarking.
- (iii) If the tissues beneath the bark were severely damaged, the transport of water and minerals from roots to leaves would be hampered.
- (iv) The assumption made is that only the bark and nearby tissues are damaged while the inner xylem remains functional. If the xylem is also damaged completely, both water transport and food transport would stop, which could eventually kill the tree.
9. Aamrapali observed that a young mango sapling’s stem bends flexibly during monsoon winds and does not break. Which tissue is responsible for this flexibility? Predict and provide your explanation of the impact if the existing tissue was replaced by sclerenchyma.
Answer:
Collenchyma tissue is responsible for the flexibility of the young mango sapling stem. Collenchyma cells provide mechanical support while allowing bending and flexibility.
If collenchyma were replaced by sclerenchyma, the stem would become hard and rigid because sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified walls. The sapling would lose flexibility and could break easily during strong winds.
10. Sohan designed an experiment for the regeneration of sugarcane, where he used cuttings to grow sugarcane. He used two types of cuttings, type ‘A’ and type ‘B’. After a few weeks, type ‘B’ cuttings sprouted and developed into sugarcane plants, whereas the type ‘A’ cuttings did not sprout.
(i) Why were the type ‘B’ cuttings able to grow as sugarcane but type ‘A’ could not?
Answer:
Type ‘B’ cuttings were able to grow because they contained nodes with buds or meristematic tissue capable of cell division and growth. Type ‘A’ lacked these growing regions.
(ii) What difference was present in type ‘B’ compared to type ‘A’?
Answer:
Type ‘B’ had nodes with buds or meristematic tissue, whereas type ‘A’ did not.
(iii) What observation or measurement was made to determine whether this change had an effect?
Answer:
The sprouting and growth of new shoots and roots were observed to determine the effect.
(iv) What parameters should be kept the same for both types of cuttings to ensure a fair comparison?
Answer:
Both cuttings should receive the same amount of water, sunlight, soil, temperature, nutrients, and time for growth.
11. During the discussion in class, Rohan gives a statement that, “A tissue is a group of similar cells performing similar functions”. But Rajiv counter argues that, “this is true in case of simple tissues but little different in case of complex tissues”. Provide your explanation in view of the discussion in class.
Answer:
Rohan’s statement is correct for simple tissues because simple tissues are made of similar types of cells performing the same function. Examples are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Rajiv is also correct because complex tissues are made of different types of cells working together to perform a common function. For example, xylem and phloem contain different kinds of cells that help in transport.
12. Coconut husk fibres are used for mats which are tough and fibrous. Which tissue has structural features suitable for providing this strength? Explain why living parenchyma couldn’t serve the same purpose.
Answer:
Sclerenchyma tissue provides the toughness and strength in coconut husk fibres. Its cells have thick lignified walls that make them hard and strong.
Living parenchyma cells have thin walls and are mainly meant for storage and metabolic activities. They are soft and cannot provide the same mechanical strength as sclerenchyma.
13. Vibha claims to her friend Neha that, “Meristematic cells are located only at the root and shoot apices”. What do you think about this statement? What question can Neha ask Vibha to help her understand further if the statement is incorrect?
Answer:
The statement is incorrect because meristematic tissues are not found only at root and shoot apices. They are also present in the lateral meristem (cambium) and intercalary meristem.
Neha can ask:
“If meristematic tissue is present only at the tips, then how does the stem increase in thickness or how do grasses regrow after cutting?”
14. A plant cell and an animal cell are of the same size.
(i) Which cell will have a larger vacuole? Give reasons.
Answer:
The plant cell will have a larger vacuole. Plant cells usually contain a large central vacuole that stores water, food, and wastes and helps maintain turgidity.
(ii) What assumptions are you making to answer the question above?
Answer:
The assumption is that both cells are mature and healthy cells under normal conditions. If the cells are immature or specialised differently, the vacuole size may vary.
15. A textbook states, “Each plant tissue performs only one specific function”. What questions would you ask to critically examine the correctness of this statement? What examples of tissues would you take to find out the answers to these questions?
Answer:
Questions that can be asked are:
- Does every plant tissue perform only one function?
- Can a tissue perform more than one function at the same time?
- Do some tissues provide both support and transport?
- Can the same tissue behave differently in different plants or conditions?
Examples of tissues to examine:
- Parenchyma: stores food and also performs photosynthesis when chlorophyll is present.
- Collenchyma: provides support and flexibility.
- Xylem: transports water and also provides mechanical strength.
- Phloem: transports food throughout the plant.
These examples show that many plant tissues perform more than one function.
Visit a doctor and find out what happens in ligament rupture, cartilage rupture and fracture of bones. How can we reduce the risk by changing our lifestyle and nutritional balance?
Answer:
- Ligament rupture: A ligament gets stretched or torn, causing pain, swelling, and instability in the joint.
- Cartilage rupture: Damage to cartilage causes pain, stiffness, and difficulty in movement because cartilage cushions the joints.
- Fracture of bones: A bone cracks or breaks due to injury, accident, or weakness.
Ways to reduce the risk:
- Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium, protein, vitamin D, and minerals.
- Exercise regularly to strengthen bones and muscles.
- Maintain proper body weight.
- Avoid smoking and excessive junk food.
- Use proper posture and protective equipment during sports and physical activities.
- Get enough sunlight for vitamin D production.
Activity: Observation of Tendons
(i) Sit with your feet flat on the floor.
(ii) Place your fingers on the back of your ankle just above the heel.
(iii) Point your toes down and up, and you will feel the tendon moving.
Observation:
The tendon can be felt moving when the foot is moved. Tendons are strong connective tissues that attach muscles to bones and help in body movement. They can withstand strong pulling forces during movement.
class 9 science ch 6 tissues – Textbook Answers ( CBSE Old Syllabus Book)
intext question – Page 61
Question 1. What is a tissue?
Answer: A tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a specific function in an organism.
For example:
In animals, muscle tissue helps in movement.
In plants, xylem tissue helps in the transport of water.
Question 2. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?
Answer: In multicellular organisms, tissues provide division of labour. Similar cells group together to form tissues, and each tissue performs a specific function such as transport, protection, support, or movement. This makes the functioning of the organism more efficient and systematic.
Example: Xylem transports water in plants, while muscle tissue helps in movement in animals.
intext question – Page 65
Question 1. Name types of simple tissues.
Answer: The three types of simple tissues in plants are:
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
These are called simple tissues because they are made up of only one type of cell.
Question 2. Where is apical meristem found?
Answer: Apical meristem is found at the tips of roots and shoots in plants.
Its main function is to help in the increase of length of the plant (primary growth).
Question 3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
Answer: The husk of coconut is made up of sclerenchyma tissue.
These are dead cells with thick, lignified walls that provide hardness and toughness.
Question 4. What are the constituents of phloem?
Answer: The constituents of phloem are:
- Sieve tubes
- Companion cells
- Phloem fibres
- Phloem parenchyma
Together, these tissues help in the transport of food in plants.
Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 69
Question 1. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.
Answer: The tissue responsible for movement in our body is muscular tissue.
It contracts and relaxes to bring about movement.
Question 2. What does a neuron look like?
Answer: A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair like parts arise. Each neuron has a single long part called the axon, and many small, short branched parts called dendrite. An individual nerve cell is called neuron, it may be up to a metre long.
Question 3. Give three features of cardiac muscles.
Answer: Feature of cardiac muscles
(1) Heart muscles (cardiac muscles) are cylindrical, branched and uninucleated
(2) They are striated muscle fibres.
(3) They are involuntary muscles, cannot be controlled by us.
Question 4. What are the Junctions of areolar tissue?
Answer: Areolar tissue are connective tissues found in animal. It is found between skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow.
It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in the repair of tissues.
Questions From NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 70
Question 1. Define the term “tissue”.
Answer: A tissue is a group of similar cells that are organized to perform a specific function efficiently in a multicellular organism.
Example: Xylem tissue in plants transports water, and muscle tissue in animals helps in movement.
Question 2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Answer: Xylem tissue is made up of four types of elements. They are:
- Tracheids
- Vessels
- Xylem parenchyma
- Xylem fibres
Together, these help in the transport of water and minerals in plants
Question 3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Answer:
| Feature | Simple Tissue | Complex Tissue |
|---|---|---|
| Cell type | Made up of only one type of cell | Made up of more than one type of cell |
| Function | Performs similar functions | Performs different but related functions |
| Examples | Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma | Xylem, Phloem |
Question 4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
Answer:
| Tissue | Cell Wall Characteristic |
|---|---|
| Parenchyma | Thin and made up of cellulose |
| Collenchyma | Unevenly thickened at corners due to cellulose and pectin |
| Sclerenchyma | Thick, lignified walls (makes cells hard and rigid) |
Question 5. What are the functions of stomata?
Answer: The main functions of stomata are:
- Exchange of gases – They allow entry of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen during photosynthesis and respiration.
- Transpiration – They help in the loss of water vapour from the plant surface, which also aids in cooling and maintaining water movement.
So, stomata play a vital role in photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration.
Question 6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.
Answer:
Striated muscles
(1) They are connected to bones (Skeletal muscles).
(2) They are voluntary muscles.
(3) The cells are long, cylindrical with many nucleus and are unbranched.
Smooth muscles
(1) They are found in alimentary canal and lungs.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They are spindle in shape and have single nucleus.
Cardiac muscles
(1) They are found in heart.
(2) They are involuntary in action.
(3) They are branched and have one nucleus.
Question 7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
Answer: (1) Cardiac muscles cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleated.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They show rhythmically contraction and relaxation throughout life.
(4) Their rhythmic contraction and relaxation helps in pumping action of heart.
Question 8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and location in the body.
Answer:
| Feature | Striated Muscle | Unstriated Muscle (Smooth) | Cardiac Muscle |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structure | Long, cylindrical, multinucleated, with light and dark bands (striations) | Spindle-shaped, uninucleated, no striations | Cylindrical, branched, uninucleated, with faint striations and intercalated discs |
| Location | Attached to bones (skeletal muscles) | Found in walls of internal organs (stomach, intestine, blood vessels, etc.) | Found only in the walls of the heart |
Question 9. Draw a labelled diagram of neuron.
Answer:
Question 10. Name the following:
(1) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(2) Tissue that connect muscle to bone in humans.
(3) Tissue that trar-carts food in plants.
(4) Tissue that siwea j’ut in our body.
(5) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(6) Tissue present in the brain.
Answer:
- Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth → Epithelial tissue
- Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans → Tendon
- Tissue that transports food in plants → Phloem
- Tissue that joins two bones in our body → Ligament
- Connective tissue with a fluid matrix → Blood
- Tissue present in the brain → Nervous tissue
Question 11. Identify the type of tissue in the following: Skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Ans:
(a) Skin—Striated squamous epithelium
(b) Bark of tree—Cork, protective tissue
(c) Bone—Connective tissue
(d) Lining of kidney tubule—Cuboidal epithelium tissue
(e) Vascular bundle—Conducting tissue
Question 12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Answer: Parenchyma tissue is present in the following regions of plants:
- Cortex and pith of stems and roots
- Mesophyll of leaves (palisade and spongy parenchyma)
- Fruits and flowers (as storage tissue)
- In vascular tissues as xylem parenchyma and phloem parenchyma
Thus, parenchyma is the most common and widely distributed plant tissue.
Question 13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Answer: The epidermis in plants plays the following roles:
- It forms a protective outer covering of the plant body.
- It prevents water loss by having a waxy layer called cuticle.
- In roots, the epidermis helps in the absorption of water and minerals.
- In leaves, the epidermis contains stomata for exchange of gases and transpiration.
So, the epidermis mainly protects the plant and helps in regulating exchange with the environment.
Question 14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
Answer: Cork acts as a protective tissue in plants because:
- Its cells are dead, closely packed, and have walls thickened with suberin, a waterproof substance.
- It is impermeable to water and gases, thus preventing water loss and protecting against infections.
- It forms the outer protective layer of older stems and roots, replacing the epidermis.
Hence, cork protects plants from mechanical injury, water loss, and pathogen attack
📥 Download Worksheet with Answers
Practice the full set of MCQs, short questions, long questions, and diagrams from this chapter. Use the worksheet to test your understanding and check the answer key for self-assessment.
👉 Download Class 9 Science Ch 6 – Tissues Worksheet (PDF)
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